Nanomaterials in the aquatic environment: toxicity, exposure and risk assessment

Het is nog onduidelijk hoe de milieurisicobeoordeling van nanomaterialen uitgevoerd moet worden en met welke nanospecieke stofeigenschappen daarbij rekening moet worden gehouden. Dit komt doordat nog weinig bekend is over de productie en het gebruik van deze materialen en de uiteindelijke effecten ervan op het ecosysteem. Nanomaterialen zijn materialen waarvan de afzonderlijke delen een of meerdere dimensies in de orde van 100 nm of minder hebben. Deze karakteristiek geeft nanomaterialen specifieke eigenschappen, dusdanig dat hun economisch en maatschappelijk belang op dit moment zeer snel toeneemt. Het zijn juist deze eigenschappen waardoor de risico's van nanomaterialen voor ecosystemen anders kunnen zijn dan die van reguliere (niet-nano) stoffen. Het Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en het Milieu (RIVM) stelt voor om bij het kwantificeren van effectieve blootstellingsconcentraties en effect niveau's van nanomaterialen rekening te houden met de specifieke eigenschappen van nanomaterialen en hun effecten, zoals vorm, grootte, en oppervlaktekarakteristieken , maar ook of nanodeeltjes samenklonteren tot grotere deeltjes afhankelijk van het type ontvangende water. Voor alle relevante vormen waarin het nanomateriaal voor kan komen in het milieu (het nanomateriaal zelf, samengeklonterde deeltjes, stoffen die vanuit het nanomateriaal in oplossing gaan, etcetera) moeten gegevens over blootstelling en effecten gegenereerd worden. Voor het identificeren en valideren van aanpassingen in modellen en testmethodieken is meer onderzoek nodig. Dit blijkt uit een literatuurstudie van het RIVM, aangevuld met algemene kennis over het gedrag en de effecten van nanomaterialen. Aanleiding voor het onderzoek zijn zorgen die in internationale studies zijn geuit over de mogelijke risico's van nanomaterialen. Daarnaast is het de vraag of de bestaande risicobeoordelingmethodieken die voor reguliere, goed oplosbare, chemische stoffen zijn ontwikkeld voldoende rekening houden met de specifieke eigenschappen van nanomaterialen.

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