Polycaprolactone-based biomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery: Current scenario and challenges

ABSTRACT Recently, poly (є-caprolactone) (PCL) has gained a lot of attention, and shown great potential in biomedical applications. Among synthetic polymers, PCL is one of the easiest to process and manipulate into a large range of shapes and sizes due to its low melting temperature and its superior viscoelastic properties. In this review article the authors focus mainly on the properties of PCL-based biomaterials relevant to drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. The authors provide an insight into the recent developments and challenges of PCL-based biomaterials as a critical component of new therapeutic strategies for many diseases. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

[1]  C. Laurencin,et al.  Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials , 2007 .

[2]  D. Kaplan,et al.  Comparative chondrogenesis of human cell sources in 3D scaffolds , 2009, Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

[3]  Dhirendra S Katti,et al.  Nanofibers and their applications in tissue engineering , 2006, International journal of nanomedicine.

[4]  C. Lim,et al.  Poly(ε-caprolactone)-carbon nanotube composite scaffolds for enhanced cardiac differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. , 2013, Nanomedicine.

[5]  Dong-Woo Cho,et al.  Ornamenting 3D printed scaffolds with cell-laid extracellular matrix for bone tissue regeneration. , 2015, Biomaterials.

[6]  D. Kaplan,et al.  Cartilage tissue engineering with silk scaffolds and human articular chondrocytes. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[7]  R. Clark.  Wound repair: basic biology to tissue engineering , 2020, Principles of Tissue Engineering.

[8]  Anthony Atala,et al.  The in vivo stability of electrospun polycaprolactone-collagen scaffolds in vascular reconstruction. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[9]  R. Reis,et al.  Evaluation of extracellular matrix formation in polycaprolactone and starch-compounded polycaprolactone nanofiber meshes when seeded with bovine articular chondrocytes. , 2009, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[10]  D. Hutmacher,et al.  Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage. , 2000, Biomaterials.

[11]  Kevin C. Chen,et al.  Scaffolds from block polyurethanes based on poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) for peripheral nerve regeneration. , 2014, Biomaterials.

[12]  D. Mondal,et al.  Controlled release of complexed DNA from polycaprolactone film: comparison of lipoplex and polyplex release. , 2009, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[13]  M. Prabhakaran,et al.  Tissue engineered plant extracts as nanofibrous wound dressing. , 2013, Biomaterials.

[14]  V. Guarino,et al.  Influence of gelatin cues in PCL electrospun membranes on nerve outgrowth. , 2010, Biomacromolecules.

[15]  Ke Wang,et al.  One-step preparation of poly(ϵ-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles for plasmid DNA delivery , 2008 .

[16]  E. Amler,et al.  Immobilization of thrombocytes on PCL nanofibres enhances chondrocyte proliferation in vitro , 2011, Cell proliferation.

[17]  W. Thielemans,et al.  Synthesis of polycaprolactone: a review. , 2009, Chemical Society reviews.

[18]  Autogenous bone marrow stromal cell sheets-loaded mPCL/TCP scaffolds induced osteogenesis in a porcine model of spinal interbody fusion. , 2011, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[19]  A. Singer,et al.  CHAPTER 61 – WOUND REPAIR: BASIC BIOLOGY TO TISSUE ENGINEERING , 2000 .

[20]  S. Lee,et al.  Biomaterials: Tissue Engineering and Scaffolds , 2006 .

[21]  Ji Suk Choi,et al.  Nerve growth factor (NGF)-conjugated electrospun nanostructures with topographical cues for neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. , 2010, Acta biomaterialia.

[22]  A. Rawlett,et al.  Surface-modified nanofibrous biomaterial bridge for the enhancement and control of neurite outgrowth , 2010, Biointerphases.

[23]  Qinjie Wu,et al.  Combined Delivery and Anti-Cancer Activity of Paclitaxel and Curcumin Using Polymeric Micelles. , 2015, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology.

[24]  R. Horch,et al.  Engineering skeletal muscle tissue – new perspectives in vitro and in vivo , 2010, Journal of cellular and molecular medicine.

[25]  S. Samavedi,et al.  Fabrication of a model continuously graded co-electrospun mesh for regeneration of the ligament-bone interface. , 2011, Acta biomaterialia.

[26]  Chaoyin Jiang,et al.  Osteoinduction and proliferation of bone-marrow stromal cells in three-dimensional poly (ε-caprolactone)/ hydroxyapatite/collagen scaffolds , 2015, Journal of Translational Medicine.

[27]  P. Cassagnau,et al.  Ring-Opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone Initiated with Titanium n-Propoxide or Titanium Phenoxide , 2006 .

[28]  Jyh-Ping Chen,et al.  Preparation and characterization of composite nanofibers of polycaprolactone and nanohydroxyapatite for osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. , 2011, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[29]  Guoping Chen,et al.  Scaffold Design for Tissue Engineering , 2002 .

[30]  T. Young,et al.  Modulation of gene expression and collagen production of anterior cruciate ligament cells through cell shape changes on polycaprolactone/chitosan blends. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[31]  M. Raghunath,et al.  Evaluation of the Biocompatibility of PLACL/Collagen Nanostructured Matrices with Cardiomyocytes as a Model for the Regeneration of Infarcted Myocardium , 2011 .

[32]  I. Correia,et al.  A poly(ε-caprolactone) device for sustained release of an anti-glaucoma drug , 2011, Biomedical materials.

[33]  F. Xu,et al.  Surface functionalization of polycaprolactone films via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization for covalently coupling cell-adhesive biomolecules. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[34]  K. Koval,et al.  Bone grafts and bone graft substitutes in orthopaedic trauma surgery. A critical analysis. , 2007, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[35]  S. Teoh,et al.  Surface modification of ultra thin poly (ε-caprolactone) films using acrylic acid and collagen , 2004 .

[36]  Sing Yian Chew,et al.  The application of nanofibrous scaffolds in neural tissue engineering. , 2009, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[37]  S. Ramakrishna,et al.  Electrospun-modified nanofibrous scaffolds for the mineralization of osteoblast cells. , 2008, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[38]  L. Ambrosio,et al.  Osteoblast growth and function in porous poly epsilon -caprolactone matrices for bone repair: a preliminary study. , 2003, Biomaterials.

[39]  Y. Duan,et al.  Preparation and immobilization of soluble eggshell membrane protein on the electrospun nanofibers to enhance cell adhesion and growth. , 2008, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[40]  Huarong Nie,et al.  Bilayer porous scaffold based on poly-(ɛ-caprolactone) nanofibrous membrane and gelatin sponge for favoring cell proliferation , 2011 .

[41]  S. Scaglione,et al.  MgCHA particles dispersion in porous PCL scaffolds: in vitro mineralization and in vivo bone formation , 2014, Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

[42]  Younan Xia,et al.  Neurite outgrowth on nanofiber scaffolds with different orders, structures, and surface properties. , 2009, ACS nano.

[43]  B. Sproat,et al.  Biophysical characterization of hyper-branched polyethylenimine-graft-polycaprolactone-block-mono-methoxyl-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers (hy-PEI-PCL-mPEG) for siRNA delivery. , 2011, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[44]  G. Madras,et al.  Degradation of polycaprolactone in supercritical fluids , 2008 .

[45]  W. Marston,et al.  Dermagraft®, a bioengineered human dermal equivalent for the treatment of chronic nonhealing diabetic foot ulcer , 2004, Expert review of medical devices.

[46]  H. S. Azevedo,et al.  Natural origin biodegradable systems in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: present status and some moving trends , 2007, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[47]  M. Okada.  Chemical syntheses of biodegradable polymers , 2002 .

[48]  J. Karr.  Utilization of Living Bilayered Cell Therapy (Apligraf) for Heel Ulcers , 2008, Advances in skin & wound care.

[49]  M. Prabhakaran,et al.  Guided orientation of cardiomyocytes on electrospun aligned nanofibers for cardiac tissue engineering. , 2011, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[50]  Won-Gun Koh,et al.  Hydrogel micropattern-incorporated fibrous scaffolds capable of sequential growth factor delivery for enhanced osteogenesis of hMSCs. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[51]  Cathy Thomas Hess,et al.  Skin & wound care , 2008 .

[52]  Dietmar W. Hutmacher,et al.  Comparison of the degradation of polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone–(β‐tricalcium phosphate) scaffolds in alkaline medium , 2007 .

[53]  Shengrong Guo,et al.  In vitro and in vivo evaluation of praziquantel loaded implants based on PEG/PCL blends. , 2010, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[54]  Byong-Taek Lee,et al.  In vitro and in vivo studies of rhBMP2-coated PS/PCL fibrous scaffolds for bone regeneration. , 2013, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[55]  F. Cui,et al.  Surface modification of polyester biomaterials for tissue engineering , 2007, Biomedical materials.

[56]  Liqun Zhang,et al.  Electrospun microfiber membranes embedded with drug-loaded clay nanotubes for sustained antimicrobial protection. , 2015, ACS nano.

[57]  Jia-cong Shen,et al.  Surface modification of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) membrane by grafting acrylamide: an effective way to improve cytocompatibility for chondrocytes , 2003, Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition.

[58]  D. Mondal,et al.  Formulation and characterization of naked DNA and complexed DNA loaded polymer films , 2011 .

[59]  M. Chan-Park,et al.  Effect of argon-plasma treatment on proliferation of human-skin-derived fibroblast on chitosan membrane in vitro. , 2005, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[60]  George J Christ,et al.  The influence of electrospun aligned poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/collagen nanofiber meshes on the formation of self-aligned skeletal muscle myotubes. , 2008, Biomaterials.

[61]  Hongfan Sun,et al.  A biodegradable levonorgestrel-releasing implant made of PCL/F68 compound as tested in rats and dogs. , 2006, Contraception.

[62]  B. Liedberg,et al.  Polycaprolactone-thiophene-conjugated carbon nanotube meshes as scaffolds for cardiac progenitor cells. , 2014, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[63]  S. Boyce,et al.  Engineered human skin fabricated using electrospun collagen-PCL blends: morphogenesis and mechanical properties. , 2009, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[64]  P. Dubruel,et al.  Nonthermal plasma technology as a versatile strategy for polymeric biomaterials surface modification: a review. , 2009, Biomacromolecules.

[65]  Dong-Woo Cho,et al.  An additive manufacturing‐based PCL–alginate–chondrocyte bioprinted scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering , 2015, Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

[66]  Lorenzo Moroni,et al.  Chitosan/poly(epsilon-caprolactone) blend scaffolds for cartilage repair. , 2011, Biomaterials.

[67]  K. Marra,et al.  Peptide-surface modification of poly(caprolactone) with laminin-derived sequences for adipose-derived stem cell applications. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[68]  D. Nisbet,et al.  Promoting engraftment of transplanted neural stem cells/progenitors using biofunctionalised electrospun scaffolds. , 2012, Biomaterials.

[69]  S. Ramakrishna,et al.  Characterization of the surface biocompatibility of the electrospun PCL-collagen nanofibers using fibroblasts. , 2005, Biomacromolecules.

[70]  Min Sup Kim,et al.  The development of genipin-crosslinked poly(caprolactone) (PCL)/gelatin nanofibers for tissue engineering applications. , 2010, Macromolecular bioscience.

[71]  A. Yarin,et al.  Chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on oriented nanofibrous scaffolds: engineering the superficial zone of articular cartilage. , 2009, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[72]  M. Edmonds.  Apligraf in the Treatment of Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcers , 2009, The international journal of lower extremity wounds.

[73]  J. Kotoky,et al.  Chloramphenicol encapsulated in poly-ε-caprolactone–pluronic composite: nanoparticles for treatment of MRSA-infected burn wounds , 2015, International journal of nanomedicine.

[74]  S. Hollister,et al.  The interaction between bone marrow stromal cells and RGD-modified three-dimensional porous polycaprolactone scaffolds. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[75]  Assaf Shapira,et al.  Nanoengineering gold particle composite fibers for cardiac tissue engineering. , 2013, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[76]  Filippo Causa,et al.  Polylactic acid fibre-reinforced polycaprolactone scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. , 2008, Biomaterials.

[77]  Byong-Taek Lee,et al.  In vitro and in vivo evaluation of porous PCL-PLLA 3D polymer scaffolds fabricated via salt leaching method for bone tissue engineering applications , 2014, Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition.

[78]  T. Lim,et al.  Poly(ε-caprolactone) films as a potential substrate for tissue engineering an epidermal equivalent , 2002 .

[79]  Jun Wang,et al.  Nanofiber-mediated controlled release of siRNA complexes for long term gene-silencing applications. , 2011, Biomaterials.

[80]  Dong-Woo Cho,et al.  Three-dimensional printing of rhBMP-2-loaded scaffolds with long-term delivery for enhanced bone regeneration in a rabbit diaphyseal defect. , 2014, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[81]  Yuquan Wei,et al.  Preparation, characterization, and in vitro cytotoxicity study of cationic PCL-pluronic-PCL (PCFC) nanoparticles for gene delivery. , 2009, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[82]  Marc Long,et al.  Bone Graft Substitutes , 2003 .

[83]  H. Yoo,et al.  Coaxial electrospun nanofibers for treatment of diabetic ulcers with binary release of multiple growth factors , 2011 .

[84]  Y. Tokiwa,et al.  Distribution of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(ε-caprolactone)aerobic degrading microorganisms in different environments , 1993 .

[85]  R. Adhikari,et al.  Biodegradable synthetic polymers for tissue engineering. , 2003, European cells & materials.

[86]  Casey K. Chan,et al.  Surface modified electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[87]  Doris A Taylor,et al.  Cardiovascular cell therapy and endogenous repair , 2008, Diabetes, obesity & metabolism.

[88]  Seeram Ramakrishna,et al.  Electrospinning of gelatin fibers and gelatin/PCL composite fibrous scaffolds. , 2005, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[89]  Jun Wang,et al.  Matrix metalloproteinase 2-responsive micelle for siRNA delivery. , 2014, Biomaterials.

[90]  D. Mondal,et al.  Sustained release of complexed DNA from films: Study of bioactivity and intracellular tracking , 2010, Biointerphases.

[91]  R. Cameron,et al.  Regeneration and repair of tendon and ligament tissue using collagen fibre biomaterials. , 2011, Acta biomaterialia.

[92]  Chee Kai Chua,et al.  Porous polycaprolactone scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering fabricated by selective laser sintering. , 2010, Acta biomaterialia.

[93]  Jiyong Jin,et al.  Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells within a poly(lactide‐co‐ɛ‐caprolactone) scaffold improves cardiac function in a rat myocardial infarction model , 2009, European journal of heart failure.

[94]  Changqing Zhang,et al.  Human urine-derived stem cells in combination with polycaprolactone/gelatin nanofibrous membranes enhance wound healing by promoting angiogenesis , 2014, Journal of Translational Medicine.

[95]  H. D. Boer.  THE HISTORY OF BONE GRAFTS , 1988 .

[96]  H. Kricheldorf,et al.  Polylactones, 52. Tin Carboxylates as Initiators ofɛ-Caprolactone , 2001 .

[97]  Kevin C. Chen,et al.  Alternating block polyurethanes based on PCL and PEG as potential nerve regeneration materials. , 2014, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[98]  R. Kaushik,et al.  Poly-ϵ-caprolactone microspheres and nanospheres: an overview , 2004 .

[99]  W. H. Carothers,et al.  Studies of Polymerization and Ring Formation. XXIII.1 ε-Caprolactone and its Polymers , 1934 .

[100]  J. Klein-Nulend,et al.  Stem cells from adipose tissue allow challenging new concepts for regenerative medicine. , 2007, Tissue engineering.

[101]  Yu‐Der Lee,et al.  Ring-opening polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone initiated by the antitumor agent doxifluridine. , 2009, Acta biomaterialia.

[102]  Jason A Burdick,et al.  Engineering cartilage tissue. , 2008, Advanced drug delivery reviews.