Towards the Sustainable Use of Europe's Forests - Forest Ecosystem and Landscape Research: Scientific Challenges and Opportunities

European forests have changed because management induced drastic shifts in tree species and tree age composition, as well as due to changes in site conditions and areal extent of forests. Management affects site productivity by altering nutrient cycling and by changing competition for light, nutrients and water. The observed increase in wood production and growing stock at many forest sites has been accompanied by a loss of biodiversity, a shift to non-site-adapted tree species, and an increase in biotic and abiotic risks. Changing forest conditions and changing needs of society require a widened scope for forest management. Knowledge on the effects of management options on functions and processes in forest ecosystems and their environmental services is rather limited. Processes in forest ecosystems are operating on multiple spatial and temporal scales. Response time of forest ecosystems to disturbances ranges from the short-term up to decades and even centuries, depending on the condition of the system and the type, intensity and duration of the external stimuli. The actual state of forest ecosystems largely depends on processes of the past. As an object of research, forest ecosystems are not easy to approach. For the control and management of sustainability in the development of the forest resources, specific scientific knowledge needs to be considerably deepened and enlarged: the relevance of tree species composition, mixture and canopy structure for the impact of environmental changes, their dependency on site conditions and their modification through management need to be analyzed on a broad scale. Sensitive parameters for assessing the state of the forest ecosystems with respect to their resilience towards environmental threats need to be identified. Retrospective observational studies provide a means for describing shortas well as long-term forest dynamics and the complex structure of multi-scale relationships. Results of the studies on long-term dynamics and the associated key processes will be of significant value for improving our understanding and hence for improving the predictive power of process-based modelling approaches. 32 Towards the Sustainable Use of Europe’s Forests – Forest Ecosystem and Landscape Research...

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