Applications of Immobilized Lactic Acid Bacteria a

Both lactic acid as an additive and lactic acid fermentation have a number of food applications. Furthermore, biotechnically produced lactic acid from renewable carbohydrate sources or wastes would be a potential feedstock for chemical synthesis via lactonitrile and for lactide polymers.' Because homofermentative lactic acid bacteria produce no carbon dioxide from sugars, substrate carbon is more efficiently utilized in lactic acid than in ethanol fermentation. Lactic acid is produced industrially both by chemical synthesis and by fermentation. When lactic acid is produced fermentatively by selection of the appropriate microorganisms, L-lactic acid, D-hCtiC acid, or a mixture can be obtained. Batch fermentation has been employed in industrial-scale lactic acid production. Continuous lactic acid processes have been but as far as is known, they are not used on production scale." Only a few reports have been published on immobilized microorganisms for lactic acid prod~ction."-'~ Compere and Griffith" grew a mixed culture of commercial lactic acid bacteria on a solid support covered by a gelatin-polyelectrolyte film in a column reactor. The lactic acid content of sour whey increased from 1.4 to 2.1% in one passage through the column. Compere and Griffith'6.'7 also produced lactic acid continuously from wood molasses using a similar packed-column reactor. Divies" employed polyacrylamide-entrapped Lactobacillus delbrueckii for continuous lactic acid production from glucose, and L. casei for fermenting maleic acid to lactic acid. Divies" also used both calcium alginateand polyacrylamide-immobilized mixed cultures of L. bulgaricus and Srreptococcus thermophilus both for preferementation of milk and for yogurt production. We have earlier r e p ~ r t e d ' ~ " ~ " ~ that lactic acid can be produced by calcium alginate gelimmobilized L. delbrueckii (recently identified as L. casei subsp. rhamnosus) in very good yields. In our recent work, we have used several lactic acid bacteria for lactic acid production and for applications in dairy processing.

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