Aligned Virtual Coordinates for Greedy Geometric Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

The performance of geographic routing protocols is impacte d by physical voids and localization errors. Traversing voids is carr ied out by a complimentary algorithm, which requires high overhead and results in lowe r quality paths. Furthermore, localization errors lead to inefficient routes or even misrouting of packets. Accordingly, virtual coordinate systems (VCS) were propos ed to be an alternative solution that is resilient to localization errors and natur lly traverses physical voids. However, we show that VCS is vulnerable to different forms of anomalies and actually perform worse than physical coordinates. The goal of th is paper is to increase the success of greedy forwarding in VCS, to avoid using the ex p nsive complementary algorithm. We identify some of the reasons that cause an om lies in VCS and propose an aligned virtual coordinate system (AVCS) to addr ess them. AVCS aligns the coordinates of nodes by taking into account the coordina tes of their neighbors. With AVCS, greedy routing success is significantly improved , approaching perfect delivery for many scenarios. With our approach, and for the fi rst time, we show that greedy routing on VCS out performs that on geographic coordi nate systems even in the absence of localization errors. We compare AVCS again st some of the most popular geometric routing protocols both on geographic and virtual coordinate systems and show that AVCS significantly improves performance o ver the best known solutions.

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