Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM‐1) and cytokine gene variants in complicated and uncomplicated malaria

Malaria elicits inflammatory responses, which, if not well regulated, may exert detrimental effects. When activated, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM‐1) enhances inflammatory responses by increasing secretion of IL‐8 and other Th1 cytokines. In contrast, TREM‐like transcript 1 (TREML‐1) promotes anti‐inflammatory responses by binding to TREM‐1 ligands and competing with TREM‐1, thus antagonizing TREM‐1 activation to reduce inflammation. Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) also mediates anti‐inflammatory responses by activating endothelial protein C (PC). Upon microbial stimulation, soluble forms of TREM‐1 (sTREM‐1) and soluble EPCR (sEPCR) are released. Their plasma levels reflect the degree of inflammation and the severity of infection.

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