Business Information Visualization: A Visual Intelligence-Based Framework

Business Intelligence aims to improve decision quality. Research on BI achieving this goal is inconclusive, yet BI is still one of the top priorities among CIOs and is an active IS research area. A better understanding of the relationship between human intelligence and BI capabilities may lead to more fruitful BI endeavors. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that links capabilities of Business Information Visualization, a key modern BI enabler, to non-verbal (visual) intelligence abilities, and suggests propositional guidelines of how BI could improve decision making by impacting these intelligence abilities. The paper demonstrates that there is strong research support to suggest such linkages. Better understanding of what human abilities are important for better decisions, and what specific BI capabilities are needed to support these abilities will help improve the design, deployment, and utilization of BI tools, and, hopefully ultimately, achieve more efficient and effective business decisions.

[1]  G. A. Miller THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW THE MAGICAL NUMBER SEVEN, PLUS OR MINUS TWO: SOME LIMITS ON OUR CAPACITY FOR PROCESSING INFORMATION 1 , 1956 .

[2]  Blake Ives,et al.  Graphical User Interfaces for Business Information Systems , 1982, MIS Q..

[3]  Daniel M. Oppenheimer,et al.  Show Me the Numbers , 2014, Psychological science.

[4]  S. Kay On the Nature of Expertise. , 1992 .

[5]  Michael H. Zack,et al.  The role of decision support systems in an indeterminate world , 2007, Decis. Support Syst..

[6]  Myke Gluck,et al.  Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative , 1997, Inf. Process. Manag..

[7]  Boryung Ju,et al.  Does domain knowledge matter: Mapping users' expertise to their information interactions , 2007, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..

[8]  Edward R. Tufte,et al.  Envisioning Information , 1990 .

[9]  E. Cardinaels The interplay between cost accounting knowledge and presentation formats in cost-based decision-making , 2008 .

[10]  Pat Hanrahan,et al.  Polaris: A System for Query, Analysis, and Visualization of Multidimensional Relational Databases , 2002, IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph..

[11]  Thomas D. Clark,et al.  The Dynamic Structure of Management Support Systems: Theory Development, Research Focus, and Direction , 2007, MIS Q..

[12]  LiuZhicheng,et al.  Mental Models, Visual Reasoning and Interaction in Information Visualization , 2010 .

[13]  Izak Benbasat,et al.  The Use of Explanations in Knowledge-Based Systems: Cognitive Perspective and a Process-Tracing Analysis , 2000, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[14]  John T. Stasko,et al.  Toward a Deeper Understanding of the Role of Interaction in Information Visualization , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.

[15]  Sandy Johnson,et al.  Show me the numbers. , 2015, The Journal of the Arkansas Medical Society.

[16]  Daniel A. Keim,et al.  Information Visualization and Visual Data Mining , 2002, IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph..

[17]  Ephraim R. McLean,et al.  Information Systems Success: The Quest for the Independent Variables , 1992, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[18]  John W. Tukey,et al.  Exploratory Data Analysis. , 1979 .

[19]  Izak Benbasat,et al.  An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Color and Graphical Information Presentation Under Varying Time Constraints , 1986, MIS Q..

[20]  P. Fayers,et al.  The Visual Display of Quantitative Information , 1990 .

[21]  Izak Benbasat,et al.  An experimental program investigating color-enhanced and graphical information presentation: an integration of the findings , 1986, CACM.

[22]  S. Kosslyn Image and mind , 1982 .

[23]  Pat Hanrahan,et al.  Polaris: a system for query, analysis, and visualization of multidimensional databases , 2008, Commun. ACM.

[24]  Joachim Meyer,et al.  Chartjunk or goldgraph? Effects of persenataion objectives and content desirability on information presentation: effects of presentation objectives and content desirability on information presentation , 1999 .

[25]  Pat Hanrahan,et al.  Show Me: Automatic Presentation for Visual Analysis , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.

[26]  Celina M. Olszak,et al.  Approach to Building and Implementing Business Intelligence Systems , 2007 .

[27]  Richard W. Scamell,et al.  An experimental evaluation of the impact of data display format on recall performance , 1988, CACM.

[28]  Dennis J. Devine,et al.  Domain-Specific Knowledge and Task Characteristics in Decision Making , 1995 .

[29]  A KeimDaniel Information Visualization and Visual Data Mining , 2002 .

[30]  Issei Fujishiro,et al.  The elements of graphing data , 2005, The Visual Computer.

[31]  StaskoJohn,et al.  Toward a Deeper Understanding of the Role of Interaction in Information Visualization , 2007 .

[32]  Helwig Hauser,et al.  An Interaction View on Information Visualization , 2003, Eurographics.

[33]  K. A. Ericsson,et al.  Long-term working memory. , 1995, Psychological review.

[34]  Jayanthi Ranjan Business justification with business intelligence , 2008 .

[35]  Joyce J. Elam,et al.  A Comparative Study of How Experts and Novices Use a Decision Aid to Solve Problems in Complex Knowledge Domains , 1992, Inf. Syst. Res..

[36]  Jeanne G. Harris,et al.  Competing on Analytics: The New Science of Winning , 2007 .

[37]  R. Allen,et al.  Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition , 2011 .

[38]  Zahid Ahmed,et al.  An Intelligent Visualization System for Earth Science Data Analysis , 1994, J. Vis. Lang. Comput..

[39]  Padhraic Smyth,et al.  From Data Mining to Knowledge Discovery in Databases , 1996, AI Mag..

[40]  M. Wertheimer Laws of organization in perceptual forms. , 1938 .

[41]  John T. Stasko,et al.  Mental Models, Visual Reasoning and Interaction in Information Visualization: A Top-down Perspective , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.

[42]  Izak Benbasat,et al.  The Effect of Relationship Encoding, Task Type, and Complexity on Information Representation: An Empirical Evaluation of 2D and 3D Line Graphs , 2004, MIS Q..

[43]  O. Reiser,et al.  Principles Of Gestalt Psychology , 1936 .

[44]  M. Ashcraft Fundamentals of Cognition , 1997 .

[45]  Stephen M. Kosslyn,et al.  Elements of graph design , 1993 .

[46]  Henk G. Sol,et al.  Decision support systems: A decade in perspective , 1987, Decis. Support Syst..

[47]  K. McGrew CHC theory and the human cognitive abilities project: Standing on the shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research , 2009 .

[48]  Huimin Zhao,et al.  Incorporating domain knowledge into data mining classifiers: An application in indirect lending , 2008, Decis. Support Syst..

[49]  O. Svenson Process descriptions of decision making. , 1979 .

[50]  R. W. Driver,et al.  The Influence of Computer Graphics on the Recall of Information , 1983, MIS Q..

[51]  Colin Ware,et al.  Information Visualization: Perception for Design , 2000 .

[52]  S. Kosslyn Understanding charts and graphs , 1989 .

[53]  Donald R. Jones,et al.  Using Visual Representations of Data to Enhance Sensemaking in Data Exploration Tasks , 2009, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[54]  W. Cleveland,et al.  Graphical Perception: Theory, Experimentation, and Application to the Development of Graphical Methods , 1984 .

[55]  Joachim Meyer,et al.  Chartjunk or Goldgraph? Effects of Presentation Objectives and Content Desirability on Information Presentation , 1999, MIS Q..

[56]  Jennifer Wiley,et al.  The influence of domain knowledge on the functional capacity of working memory , 2009 .

[57]  Randall W. Engle,et al.  Effects of Domain Knowledge, Working Memory Capacity, and Age on Cognitive Performance: An Investigation of the Knowledge-Is-Power Hypothesis , 2000, Cognitive Psychology.

[58]  Sang M. Lee,et al.  An exploratory cognitive DSS for strategic decision making , 2003, Decis. Support Syst..

[59]  Ping Zhang,et al.  Business Information Visualization: Guidance for Research and Practice , 2001 .

[60]  David P. Tegarden,et al.  Business Information Visualization , 1999, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[61]  Ben Shneiderman,et al.  Readings in information visualization - using vision to think , 1999 .

[62]  Gerald L. Lohse,et al.  The role of working memory on graphical information processing , 1997, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[63]  Barbara M. Wildemuth,et al.  The effects of domain knowledge on search tactic formulation , 2004, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..

[64]  Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa,et al.  Graphics and managerial decision making: research-based guidelines , 1988, CACM.

[65]  Bin Zhu,et al.  Visualization of Network Concepts: The Impact of Working Memory Capacity Differences , 2010, Inf. Syst. Res..

[66]  Edward Rolf Tufte,et al.  The visual display of quantitative information , 1985 .

[67]  Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Definition Project , 2010 .