The making of a phage

As a consequence of the structural work on DNA, the concerted investigations on the T even phages and the in vitro work on DNA polymerase, the replication of DNA-containing viruses was understood in outline by the end of the fifties. However, at this time virtually nothing was known about the propagation of RNA viruses, mainly because biochemical work on plant and animal viruses entailed considerable technical difficulties. The discovery of the RNA-containing coliphage f2 in Manhattan sewage by Loeb and Zinder in 1960 [l] presaged rapid advances in the field and-great interest among virologists. Excursions were undertaken to sewers of citjqs throughout the world, bringing to light numerous further isolates of RNA phages fcan in Canberra, R17 in Philadelphia, Ml2 in Munich, Q@ in Kyoto, MS2 in Berkeley, to mention but a few. These phages proved to be ideal objects for biochemical investigations. Not only do they multiply rapidly, providing impatient experimenters with fast (if not always clear) results, but they also subvert almost half of their host’s metabolism to their own needs, which greatly aids the biochemical analysis of the phage-specific processes. Last but not least, RNA phages can be grown and purified by the tens of grams, providing adequate amounts of material for structural and functional analyses. All phages isolated in the USA and in Europe are closely related, belonging to serological group I. They show only slight immunological differences, which can be related to a few amino acid substitutions in the coat protein. The Japanese phages QP and VK belong to the serological group III, which shows no cross-reactivity with group I [2-41. The structure of

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