Off-line and on-line partial discharges detection in low voltage motors of electric vehicle fed by a PWM inverter using non-intrusive sensor

Pour faire varier la vitesse d'un moteur d'une voiture electrique, un onduleur de tension avec une modulation de largeur d'impulsion (MLI) est utilise. Les temps de commutation de plus en plus courts creent un grand nombre de fronts de tension. L'utilisation d'un onduleur sur une machine basse tension est de plus en plus repandue et peut provoquer une reduction de la duree de vie des machines. Tout d'abord, la repartition de la tension au sein de la bobine est fortement inhomogene a cause de la nature impulsionnelle de la tension. Dans des machines basse tension avec un bobinage en vrac, il y a donc une probabilite non negligeable que les quelques premieres spires de la bobine supportant la tension lors de la commutation soient adjacentes avec les dernieres, faisant ainsi supporter a l'isolation interspire une forte difference de potentiel. La desadaptation d'impedance entre les câbles de puissance et les bornes de la machine peuvent egalement generer des surtensions, augmentant encore la sollicitation sur l'isolation electrique. Dans ces conditions defavorables, des decharges partielles peuvent apparaitre et contribuer a la degradation de l'isolation electrique, reduisant ainsi la duree de vie des machines. Pire encore, des moteurs ayant passe avec succes des essais de qualification en impulsionnel pour etre alimentes par un onduleur de tension ont malgre tout des durees de vie reduites. Si de tels phenomenes sont facilement detectables en 50Hz, il devient difficile de les detecter de maniere electrique avec un onduleur de tension avec l'amplitude et la variation du courant. De plus, l'onduleur de tension genere un bruit electromagnetique important perturbant les mesures avec les capteurs non-intrusifs. L'objectif de cette these est donc de developper une methode de detection de decharges partielles, a l'aide d'un capteur non-intrusif, dans un moteur de voiture electrique alimente par un onduleur de tension en on-line, ainsi qu'en off-line, afin de fournir des donnees pertinentes lors de la conception d'un moteur electrique, de test fin de chaine ou d'essai en fatigue. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une suite d'experiences montant en complexite ont permis de confronter le dispositif de detection a des conditions de plus en plus proches de celles d'une voiture electrique.

[1]  G. Stone,et al.  Investigations into the effect of humidity on stator winding partial discharges , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[2]  Reinhold Rudenberg Performance of traveling waves in coils and windings , 1940, Electrical Engineering.

[3]  A. Cavallini,et al.  The influence of PWM voltage waveforms on induction motor insulation systems: Perspectives for the end user , 2011, 8th IEEE Symposium on Diagnostics for Electrical Machines, Power Electronics & Drives.

[4]  R. J. Beeckman Inverter drive issues and magnet wire responses , 1999, Proceedings: Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding Conference (Cat. No.99CH37035).

[5]  A. H. Bonnett,et al.  Analysis of the impact of pulse-width modulated inverter voltage waveforms on AC induction motors , 1994, Proceedings of IEEE Pulp and Paper Industry Conference.

[6]  F. H. Kreuger,et al.  Partial Discharge Detection in High Voltage Equipment , 1990 .

[7]  J. Murray Weed Prevention of Transient Voltage in Windings , Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.

[8]  T. Lebey,et al.  Existence of partial discharges in low-voltage induction machines supplied by PWM drives , 1996 .

[9]  Steven A. Boggs,et al.  Partial Discharge - Part 111: Cavitv-Induced PD in Solid Dielectrics , 1990 .

[10]  L. V. Bewley,et al.  Traveling Waves on Transmission Systems , 1931, Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.

[11]  Claudiu Neacsu Contribution à l'étude des défaillances statoriques des machines asynchrones : mise au point et réalisation d'un test non destructif de fin de fabrication , 2002 .

[12]  A. von Jouanne,et al.  Application issues for PWM adjustable speed AC motor drives , 1996 .

[13]  R. Bartnikas,et al.  Some Observations on the Character of Corona Discharges in Short Gap Spaces , 1971, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation.

[14]  G. Borner,et al.  Failure mechanism of the interturn insulation of low voltage electric machines fed by pulse-controll , 1996 .

[15]  David Leggate,et al.  Interaction of drive modulation and cable parameters on AC motor transients , 1996, IAS '96. Conference Record of the 1996 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Thirty-First IAS Annual Meeting.

[16]  K. J. Cornick,et al.  Steep-fronted switching voltage transients and their distribution in motor windings. Part 2: Distribution of steep-fronted switching voltage transients in motor windings , 1982 .

[17]  A. Hippel,et al.  Dielectrics and Waves , 1966 .

[18]  T. Lebey A theoretical approach of partial discharges under square voltage wave forms , 1998, Conference Record of the 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation (Cat. No.98CH36239).

[19]  E. Persson,et al.  Transient effects in application of PWM inverters to induction motors , 1991, Conference Record of 1991 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference.

[20]  S. R. Bowes,et al.  Suboptimal switching strategies for microprocessor-controlled PWM inverter drives , 1985 .

[21]  A Cavallini,et al.  Monitoring off-line and on-line PD under impulsive voltage on induction motors - part 1: standard procedure , 2010, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine.

[22]  Weijun Yin,et al.  Failure mechanism of winding insulations in inverter-fed motors , 1997 .

[23]  A Cavallini,et al.  Off-line PD testing of converter-fed wire-wound motors: when IEC TS 60034-18-41 may fail? , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[24]  Seamus D. Garvey,et al.  Predicting high frequency characteristics of the windings of large electrical machines-a transmission line analysis approach , 1999, IEMDC 1999.

[25]  S. Whitehead,et al.  Dielectric Breakdown of Solids , 1951 .

[26]  S. R. Campbell,et al.  Motor winding problems caused by inverter drives , 2003 .

[27]  G.C. Stone,et al.  Which inverter drives need upgraded motor stator windings , 2000, Record of Conference Papers. Industry Applications Society Forty-Seventh Annual Conference. 2000 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.00CH37112).

[28]  T. Lebey,et al.  Partial discharge in electric motor fed by a PWM inverter: off-line and on-line detection , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[29]  J. Meek,et al.  Electrical breakdown of gases , 1953 .

[30]  J. H. Mason The deterioration and breakdown of dielectrics resulting from internal discharges , 1951 .

[31]  Michael G. Danikas,et al.  The definitions used for partial discharge phenomena , 1993 .

[32]  Thierry Lebey,et al.  Transient voltage distribution in inverter fed motor windings: experimental study and modeling , 2001 .

[33]  A. Cavallini,et al.  A UHF Technique for Advanced PD Measurements on Inverter-Fed Motors , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[34]  G. L. Skibinski,et al.  Riding the reflected wave-IGBT drive technology demands new motor and cable considerations , 1996, Proceedings of 1996 IAS Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference.

[35]  A. Schonung,et al.  Static Frequency Changers with "Subharmonic" Control in Conjunction with Reversible Variable-Speed A.C.Drives , 1964 .

[36]  G. C. Stone,et al.  Investigation of the effect of humidity on partial discharge activity in stator windings , 2003, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (Cat. No.03CH37417).

[37]  D. Fabiani,et al.  Relation between space charge accumulation and partial discharge activity in enameled wires under PWM-like voltage waveforms , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[38]  A. H. Bonnett,et al.  A comparison between insulation systems available for PWM inverter fed motors , 1996, Proceedings of 1996 IAS Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference.

[39]  F. Guastavino,et al.  Influence of the rise time and of the temperature on the PD inception voltage of enameled wires , 2010, 2010 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectic Phenomena.

[40]  Gian Carlo Montanari,et al.  Influence of PWM-type voltage waveforms on reliability of machine insulation system , 1998, 8th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power. Proceedings (Cat. No.98EX227).

[41]  J. M. Braun,et al.  Determination of gases and gas pressure in GIS spacer voids , 1989, Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,.

[42]  A. Cavallini,et al.  Off-line and on-line pd measurements on induction motors fed by power electronic impulses , 2009, 2009 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference.

[43]  G. C. Stone,et al.  Implications for the application of adjustable speed drive electronics to motor stator winding insulation , 1995 .