HIV and AIDS: 20 years of science

From the identification of HIV as the agent that causes AIDS, to the development of effective antiretroviral drugs, the scientific achievements in HIV research in the past 20 years have been formidable. Some of the other important areas of accomplishment include the development of blood tests for HIV and increased knowledge of the molecular virology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of this virus.

[1]  N. Michael,et al.  Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. , 2004, Military medicine.

[2]  R. Gallo,et al.  Selective in vitro growth of T lymphocytes from normal human bone marrows. , 1976, Science.

[3]  A. Fauci,et al.  Multifactorial nature of human immunodeficiency virus disease: implications for therapy. , 1993, Science.

[4]  J. Chermann,et al.  Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). , 1983, Science.

[5]  R. Gulick.  New antiretroviral drugs. , 2003, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[6]  A. Fauci,et al.  Chemokines, cytokines and HIV: a complex network of interactions that influence HIV pathogenesis , 2000, Immunological reviews.

[7]  Luc Montagnier,et al.  A History of HIV Discovery , 2002, Science.

[8]  J. Mellors,et al.  Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in Plasma Predicts Outcome after Seroconversion , 1995, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[9]  M. Gottlieb,et al.  Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. , 1981, The New England journal of medicine.

[10]  G. Rutherford,et al.  Survival trends for patients with AIDS. , 1990, JAMA.

[11]  Luc Montagnier,et al.  T-lymphocyte T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human retrovirus  LAV , 1984, Nature.

[12]  S. Rowland-Jones,et al.  AIDS pathogenesis: what have two decades of HIV research taught us? , 2003, Nature Reviews Immunology.

[13]  T. Chun,et al.  Latent reservoirs of HIV: obstacles to the eradication of virus. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[14]  W. Greene,et al.  Charting HIV's remarkable voyage through the cell: Basic science as a passport to future therapy , 2002, Nature Medicine.

[15]  Mark Dybul,et al.  Guidelines for using antiretroviral agents among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Recommendations of the Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV. , 2002, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports.

[16]  Luc Montagnier,et al.  Historical essay. A history of HIV discovery. , 2002, Science.

[17]  R. Gallo.  The Early Years of HIV/AIDS , 2002, Science.

[18]  Anthony S. Fauci,et al.  HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease , 1993, Nature.

[19]  S. Hammer,et al.  Zidovudine: Five Years Later , 1992, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[20]  A. Fauci,et al.  The human immunodeficiency virus: infectivity and mechanisms of pathogenesis. , 1988, Science.

[21]  F. Muggia,et al.  Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men--New York City and California. , 1981, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[22]  H. Masur,et al.  An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: initial manifestation of cellular immune dysfunction. , 1981, The New England journal of medicine.

[23]  S. J. Clark,et al.  High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR. , 1993, Science.

[24]  B. Walker,et al.  HIV-1 superinfection--a word of caution. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[25]  J. Levy,et al.  Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS. , 1984, Science.

[26]  Anthony S. Fauci,et al.  Toward an Understanding of the Correlates of Protective Immunity to HIV Infection , 1996, Science.

[27]  F. Gao,et al.  Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes , 1999, Nature.

[28]  O H Jarrett.  Retroviruses. , 1987, Archives of disease in childhood.

[29]  Neff Walker,et al.  Estimated Global Distribution and Regional Spread of HIV‐1 Genetic Subtypes in the Year 2000 , 2002, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[30]  M. Greaves,et al.  The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus , 1984, Nature.

[31]  D. Francis,et al.  Epidemic acquired immune deficiency syndrome: epidemiologic evidence for a transmissible agent. , 1983, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[32]  Martin A. Nowak,et al.  Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection , 1995, Nature.

[33]  Susan L. Clemmons,et al.  Five Years Later , 2005, Medical reference services quarterly.

[34]  Anthony S. Fauci,et al.  Host factors and the pathogenesis of HIV-induced disease , 1996, Nature.

[35]  A. Fauci,et al.  The AIDS epidemic--considerations for the 21st century. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[36]  Mark Dybul,et al.  Guidelines for Using Antiretroviral Agents among HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents: The Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV* , 2002, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[37]  G. Myers,et al.  The phylogenetic history of immunodeficiency viruses , 1988, Nature.

[38]  G. Nabel.  Challenges and opportunities for development of an AIDS vaccine , 2001, Nature.

[39]  T. Raju,et al.  The Nobel Chronicles , 2000, The Lancet.

[40]  Z. Rosenberg,et al.  Microbicides urgently needed: statement by IPM CEO, Zeda Rosenberg, on new AIDS statistics. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) releases the 2004 AIDS epidemic update. , 2004 .

[41]  V. Harden,et al.  Chemokines and HIV–1 second receptors , 1996, Nature Medicine.

[42]  S. O’Brien,et al.  The effect of genetic variation in chemokines and their receptorson HIV transmission and progression to AIDS , 2000, Immunological reviews.

[43]  F. Brun-Vézinet,et al.  Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West African patients with AIDS. , 1986, Science.

[44]  V. Harden,et al.  Chemokines and HIV-1 second receptors. Confluence of two fields generates optimism in AIDS research. , 1996, Nature medicine.

[45]  R. Gallo.  Historical essay. The early years of HIV/AIDS. , 2002, Science.

[46]  Ashley T. Haase,et al.  Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS , 1993, Nature.

[47]  R. Siliciano,et al.  The challenge of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 infection. , 2002, Annual review of medicine.

[48]  Safety of the blood supply. , 1995, JAMA.

[49]  Andrew Carr,et al.  HIV protease inhibitors , 1996, AIDS.

[50]  Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. , 1981 .

[51]  A. Perelson,et al.  Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection , 1995, Nature.

[52]  J Schüpbach,et al.  Antibodies reactive with human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-III) in the serum of patients with AIDS. , 1984, Science.