An exploratory study of teacher perception of social presence: Design and instructional practices for new online teachers

OF DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Organizational Learning & Instructional Technology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico

[1]  Rod Sims,et al.  Interactivity on stage: Strategies for learner-designer communication , 1999 .

[2]  M. D. Roblyer,et al.  Design and Use of a Rubric to Assess and Encourage Interactive Qualities in Distance Courses , 2003 .

[3]  Richard E. Mayer,et al.  Learning with technology , 2010 .

[4]  M. D. Roblyer,et al.  How Interactive are YOUR Distance Courses? A Rubric for Assessing Interaction in Distance Learning , 2000 .

[5]  Linda L. Wolcott A Learner-Centered Approach to Distance Education , 1996 .

[6]  Frank Biocca,et al.  The Cyborg's Dilemma: Progressive Embodiment in Virtual Environments , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[7]  S. Messick Validity of Psychological Assessment: Validation of Inferences from Persons' Responses and Performances as Scientific Inquiry into Score Meaning. Research Report RR-94-45. , 1994 .

[8]  Samoa Ishii I and Thou , 2009 .

[9]  Charalambos Vrasidas,et al.  Factors influencing interaction in an online course , 1999 .

[10]  A. P. Rovai Sense of community, perceived cognitive learning, and persistence in asynchronous learning networks , 2002, Internet High. Educ..

[11]  L. S. Vygotskiĭ,et al.  Mind in society : the development of higher psychological processes , 1978 .

[12]  Frank Biocca,et al.  Toward a More Robust Theory and Measure of Social Presence: Review and Suggested Criteria , 2003, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[13]  Michele M. Dornisch,et al.  Limitations of web-based rubric resources: Addressing the challenges , 2006 .

[14]  M. Lipman Thinking in Education , 1992 .

[15]  M. Taras,et al.  ASSESSMENT – SUMMATIVE AND FORMATIVE – SOME THEORETICAL REFLECTIONS , 2005 .

[16]  C. Gunawardena,et al.  Social presence as a predictor of satisfaction within a computer‐mediated conferencing environment , 1997 .

[17]  Sang Joon Kim,et al.  A Mathematical Theory of Communication , 2006 .

[18]  C. Tu,et al.  The Relationship of Social Presence and Interaction in Online Classes , 2002 .

[19]  Brian K. Walker,et al.  Bridging the Distance: How Social Interaction, Presence, Social Presence, and Sense of Community Influence Student Learning Experiences in an Online Virtual Environment , 2007 .

[20]  Karen Swan,et al.  LEARNING EFFECTIVENESS ONLINE: WHAT THE RESEARCH TELLS US , 2003 .

[21]  B. Huot,et al.  Reliability, Validity, and Holistic Scoring: What We Know and What We Need to Know , 1990 .

[22]  Dennis Littky,et al.  The Big Picture: Education Is Everyone's Business , 2004 .

[23]  Benjamin S. Bloom,et al.  A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives , 2000 .

[24]  Earl E. McDowell A Multivariate Study of Teacher Immediacy, Teaching Effectiveness, and Student Attentiveness at the Junior High and Senior High Levels. , 1980 .

[25]  K. Scherer,et al.  The Relationship of Emotion to Cognition: A Functional Approach to a Semantic Controversy , 1987 .

[26]  M. Mcluhan Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man , 1964 .

[27]  Robert Sommer,et al.  Experience and Education. , 1974 .

[28]  Anders Jonsson,et al.  The use of scoring rubrics: Reliability, validity, and educational consequences , 2007 .

[29]  Jamal Abedi,et al.  Dimensionality and Generalizability of Domain-Independent Performance Assessments , 1996 .

[30]  Benjamin S. Bloom,et al.  Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. , 1957 .

[31]  H. G. Weller Interactivity in microcomputer-based instruction: its essential elements and how it can be enhanced , 1989 .

[32]  M. Simon,et al.  What's still wrong with rubrics: Focusing on the consistency of performance criteria across scale levels , 2004 .

[33]  D. Garrison,et al.  Assessing Social Presence In Asynchronous Text-based Computer Conferencing , 1999 .

[34]  Senem Yildiz,et al.  Social Presence in the Web-Based Classroom , 2009 .

[35]  Carol Hostetter,et al.  Measuring up Online: The Relationship between Social Presence and Student Learning Satisfaction. , 2006 .

[36]  Chih-Hsiung Tu,et al.  The Measurement of Social Presence in an Online Learning Environment , 2002 .

[37]  C. Tu How Chinese Perceive Social Presence: An Examination of Interaction in Online Learning Environment , 2001 .

[38]  K. Lewin,et al.  Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers , 1951 .

[39]  A Rubric for Scoring Postsecondary Academic Skills. , 2001 .

[40]  Barbara M. Moskal,et al.  Recommendations for developing classroom performance assessments and scoring rubrics , 2003 .

[41]  N. E. Gronlund Assessment of Student Achievement. Sixth Edition. , 1998 .

[42]  F. Biocca,et al.  Criteria And Scope Conditions For A Theory And Measure Of Social Presence , 2001 .

[43]  Maria Schutt,et al.  The Effects of Instructor Immediacy in Online Learning Environments , 2007 .

[44]  Terry Anderson,et al.  Learning in a Networked World: New Roles and Responsibilties , 1998 .

[45]  Barbara M. Moskal,et al.  Scoring Rubrics: What, When and How? , 2000 .

[46]  Patricia Kearney,et al.  Clarifying the relationship between teacher nonverbal immediacy and student cognitive learning: Affective learning as the central causal mediator , 1996 .

[47]  Lewis Chongwony An investigation of social presence in postsecondary learners enrolled in online learning environment , 2008 .

[48]  Ellen D. Wagner,et al.  In Support of a Functional Definition of Interaction , 1994 .

[49]  Norman Edward Gronlund,et al.  Assessment of student achievement , 1997 .

[50]  A. Hwang,et al.  Virtual and Traditional Feedback‐Seeking Behaviors: Underlying Competitive Attitudes and Consequent Grade Performance , 2006 .

[51]  Mike Moore,et al.  Toward a Theory of Independent Learning and Teaching , 1973 .

[52]  Grant Wiggins,et al.  Educative Assessment: Designing Assessments to Inform and Improve Student Performance , 1998 .

[53]  Karen Swan,et al.  Building Learning Communities in Online Courses: the importance of interaction , 2002 .

[54]  H. Blumer,et al.  Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method , 1988 .

[55]  Herbert W. Broda,et al.  Rubrics: A Handbook for Construction and Use , 1999 .

[56]  John S. Daniel,et al.  Interaction and Independence: Getting the Mixture Right , 1979 .

[57]  Craig A. Mertler Designing Scoring Rubrics for Your Classroom. , 2001 .

[58]  Muhammad K. Betz Distance Education : A Systems View , 2005 .

[59]  Jason Huett,et al.  Importance of Learner-Learner Interaction in Distance Education , 2005 .

[60]  D. Over,et al.  Studies in the Way of Words. , 1989 .

[61]  D. Randy Garrison,et al.  Critical Inquiry in a Text-Based Environment: Computer Conferencing in Higher Education , 1999, Internet High. Educ..

[62]  M. Argyle,et al.  EYE-CONTACT, DISTANCE AND AFFILIATION. , 1965, Sociometry.

[63]  T. Anderson Getting the Mix Right Again: An Updated and Theoretical Rationale for Interaction , 2003 .

[64]  Susan J. Crim An examination of social presence in an online learning environment , 2006 .

[65]  S. Pollon,et al.  The Measure Of Meaning , 2007 .

[66]  J. Walther,et al.  Relational communication in computer-mediated interaction , 1990 .

[67]  Diane M. Christophel,et al.  The Relationship of Teachers' Use of Humor in the Classroom to Immediacy and Student Learning. , 1990 .

[68]  D. Laplane Thought and language. , 1992, Behavioural neurology.

[69]  W. Popham What's Wrong--and What's Right--with Rubrics. , 1997 .

[70]  K. Lewin,et al.  Resolving social conflicts and field theory in social science. , 1997 .

[71]  A. Wise,et al.  The Effects of Teacher Social Presence on Student Satisfaction, Engagement, and Learning , 2004, ICLS.

[72]  R. Glaser The Reemergence of Learning Theory within Instructional Research. , 1990 .

[73]  D. Keegan,et al.  Three Types of Interaction , 2013 .

[74]  David R. Moore,et al.  Building Interactivity into Web Courses: Tools for Social and Instructional Interaction. , 1998 .

[75]  J. F. Andersen Teacher Immediacy as a Predictor of Teaching Effectiveness , 1979 .

[76]  Pamela Jordan Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques , 1994 .

[77]  Aimee Lynn Whiteside Exploring social presence in communities of practice within a hybrid learning environment: A longitudinal examination of two case studies within the School Technology Leadership graduate -level certificate program , 2007 .

[78]  Jack M. Loomis,et al.  Distal Attribution and Presence , 1992, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[79]  Daniel C. A. Hillman,et al.  Learner-Interface Interaction in Distance Education: An Extension of Contemporary Models and Strategies for Practitioners , 1994 .

[80]  Richard J. Stiggins,et al.  Classroom assessment for student learning : doing it right -- using it well , 2006 .

[81]  Elizabeth Murphy,et al.  Rubrics for designing and evaluating online asynchronous discussions , 2009, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[82]  John Short,et al.  The social psychology of telecommunications , 1976 .

[83]  Judith Arter Rubrics, Scoring Guides, and Performance Criteria: Classroom Tools for Assessing and Improving Student Learning. , 2000 .

[84]  A. P. Rovai Building Sense of Community at a Distance , 2002, Distances et médiations des savoirs.

[85]  E. Goffman The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life , 1959 .

[86]  Steven R. Aragon Creating Social Presence in Online Environments , 2003 .

[87]  J. Arbaugh How Instructor Immediacy Behaviors Affect Student Satisfaction and Learning in Web-Based Courses , 2001 .

[88]  A. P. Rovai Development of an instrument to measure classroom community , 2002, Internet High. Educ..

[89]  E. Wagner Interactivity: From Agents to Outcomes. , 1997 .

[90]  B. Bloom,et al.  Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Handbook I: Cognitive Domain , 1966 .

[91]  C. Fulford,et al.  Perceptions of Interaction: The critical predictor in distance education , 1993 .

[92]  Nahid Golafshani,et al.  Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research , 2003 .

[93]  Daniel V. Eastmond Alone but Together: Adult Distance Study through Computer Conferencing , 1995 .

[94]  Steven E. Stemler Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation A Comparison of Consensus, Consistency, and Measurement A Comparison of Consensus, Consistency, and Measurement Approaches to Estimating Interrater Reliability Approaches to Estimating Interrater Reliabilit , 2022 .

[95]  David H. Jonassen,et al.  Learning with Technology: A Constructivist Perspective , 1998 .

[96]  L. Farrand THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. , 1897, Science.

[97]  Matthew Hughes,et al.  Assessing social presence in online discussion groups: a replication study , 2007 .

[98]  Terry Anderson,et al.  Exploring Social Communication in Computer Conferencing , 2002 .

[99]  C. Gunawardena Social Presence Theory and Implications for Interaction and Collaborative Learning in Computer Conferences , 1995 .

[100]  M. Moore The Theory of Transactional Distance , 2012, Handbook of Distance Education.

[101]  Martyn Hammersley,et al.  Some Notes on the Terms ‘Validity’ and ‘Reliability’ , 1987 .

[102]  J. Leydens,et al.  Scoring Rubric Development: Validity and Reliability. , 2000 .

[103]  John W. Creswell,et al.  Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches , 2010 .

[104]  A. Olding Biology and knowledge , 2008 .

[105]  Samuel Messick,et al.  VALIDITY OF TEST INTERPRETATION AND USE , 1990 .

[106]  Karee E. Dunn,et al.  A Critical Review of Research on Formative Assessment: The Limited Scientific Evidence of the Impact of Formative Assessment in Education , 2009 .

[107]  J. Gorham The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behaviors and student learning , 1988 .

[108]  Chih-Hsiung Tu,et al.  The impacts of text-based CMC on online social presence , 2002 .

[109]  Diane M. Christophel The relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learning , 1990 .

[110]  Michael Yacci,et al.  Interactivity Demystified: A Structural Definition for Distance Education and Intelligent Computer-based Instruction. , 2000 .

[111]  P. Black,et al.  Inside the Black Box: Raising Standards through Classroom Assessment , 2010 .

[112]  Sally Sieloff Magnan,et al.  Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches , 1997 .

[113]  David Hamilton,et al.  Formative assessment: A cybernetic viewpoint , 2005 .

[114]  Magda Denes GESTALT THERAPY INTEGRATED: CONTOURS OF THEORY AND PRACTICE , 1974 .