Comparative evaluation of machines for electric and hybrid vehicles based on dynamic operation and loss minimization

This paper proposes a method to evaluate induction machines for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Some performance aspects of induction machines are also compared to permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). An overview of static efficiency maps is presented, but efficiency maps miss dynamic effects and under-predict induction machine efficiencies. The proposed evaluation method is based on dynamic efficiency under loss minimization and overall energy consumption over standard driving cycles that are provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Over each of these cycles, the dynamic efficiency and drive-cycle energy are determined based on experimental motor data in combination with a dynamic HEV simulator. Results show that efficiency in the fast-changing dynamic environment of a vehicle can be higher than inferred from static efficiency maps. Overall machine efficiency is compared for rated flux, and for dynamic loss-minimizing flux control. The energy efficiency given optimum flux is typically five points higher than for rated flux. This result is comparable to published PMSM results. A PMSM is also used for comparisons, and results show that both machines can perform well in HEV and EV applications.

[1]  P. T. Krein,et al.  Hybrid vehicle testing and simulation: final report. , 1997 .

[2]  Ching Chuen Chan,et al.  Novel permanent magnet motor drives for electric vehicles , 1996, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[3]  Philip T. Krein,et al.  Real-time low-level simulation of hybrid vehicle systems for hardware-in-the-loop applications , 2009, 2009 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[4]  Marco Amrhein,et al.  Dynamic simulation for analysis of hybrid electric vehicle system and subsystem interactions, including power electronics , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[5]  B. J. Chalmers,et al.  Performance characteristics of permanent-magnet and reluctance machines to meet EV requirements , 1996 .

[6]  E. Afjei,et al.  A Novel Hybrid Brushless dc motor/Generator for Hybrid Vehicles Applications , 2006, 2006 International Conference on Power Electronic, Drives and Energy Systems.

[7]  P.T. Krein,et al.  Evaluation of a re-rated induction machine , 2005, IEEE International Conference on Electric Machines and Drives, 2005..

[8]  E. Atienza,et al.  New modelling methodology for different PM motors for electric and hybrid vehicles , 2001, IEMDC 2001. IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (Cat. No.01EX485).

[9]  Ali M Bazzi,et al.  Review of Methods for Real-Time Loss Minimization in Induction Machines , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[10]  B. J. Chalmers,et al.  Drive system design for an electric vehicle based on alternative motor types , 1994 .

[11]  A. Kaddouri,et al.  Loss minimization control of induction motor drives based on genetic algorithms , 2001, IEMDC 2001. IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (Cat. No.01EX485).

[12]  K. Hameyer,et al.  Comparison and design of different electrical machine types regarding their applicability in hybrid electrical vehicles , 2008, 2008 18th International Conference on Electrical Machines.

[13]  Scott D. Sudhoff,et al.  Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems , 1995 .

[14]  Y. Amara,et al.  PM and hybrid excitation synchronous machines: Performances comparison , 2008, 2008 18th International Conference on Electrical Machines.

[15]  A. Emadi,et al.  Comprehensive drive train efficiency analysis of hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles based on motor-controller efficiency modeling , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.