Laser-induced structural modification, its mechanisms, and applications in glassy optical materials

A brief review of laser-induced material modification in glassy materials is presented. The mechanisms of energy transfer from the laser and the subsequent structural modifications are reviewed. Specific features of femtosecond (fs) and continuous wave (CW) laser irradiation of glass are presented and the impact of the process parameters on the properties is discussed. The diverse responses exhibited by various glass families are presented and contrasted, with a focus on the use of these materials and processes for a wide variety of novel applications. Finally, suggestions of future directions for laser-induced material modification are presented.

[1]  M. Trunov.  PHOTO-INDUCED PLASTICITY IN AMORPHOUS CHALCOGENIDES: AN OVERVIEW OF MECHANISMS AND APPLICATIONS , 2005 .

[2]  V. Arkhipov,et al.  Modeling of Photoinduced Anisotropies in Chalcogenide Glasses , 2001 .

[3]  K. Winick,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of photonic devices directly written in glass using femtosecond laser pulses , 2003 .

[4]  Chwan-Huei Tsai,et al.  Laser cutting with controlled fracture and pre-bending applied to LCD glass separation , 2007 .

[5]  Mansoor Sheik-Bahae,et al.  Infrared to ultraviolet measurements of two-photon absorption and n/sub 2/ in wide bandgap solids , 1996 .

[6]  P. Lucas,et al.  Photodarkening in Ge3Se17 glass , 2000 .

[7]  Martin Richardson,et al.  Femtosecond laser induced photochemistry in materials tailored with photosensitive agents [Invited] , 2011 .

[8]  A. Zoubir.  Towards Direct Writing Of 3-d Photonic Circuits Using Ultrafast Lasers , 2004 .

[9]  Kirk Ct,et al.  Quantitative analysis of the effect of disorder-induced mode coupling on infrared absorption in silica. , 1988 .

[10]  J. Dickinson,et al.  Color center formation in soda-lime glass with femtosecond laser pulses , 2003 .

[11]  E. Mazur,et al.  Bulk heating of transparent materials using a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser , 2003 .

[12]  Masaaki Sakakura,et al.  Directionally controlled 3D ferroelectric single crystal growth in LaBGeO5 glass by femtosecond laser irradiation. , 2009, Optics express.

[13]  E. Mazur,et al.  Ultrafast-laser driven micro-explosions in transparent materials , 1997 .

[14]  John Canning,et al.  Ultrafast femtosecond-laser-induced fiber Bragg gratings in air-hole microstructured fibers for high-temperature pressure sensing. , 2010, Optics letters.

[15]  Steven G. Johnson,et al.  Effect of a photonic band gap on scattering from waveguide disorder , 2004 .

[16]  Keiji Tanaka.  Optical nonlinearity in photonic glasses , 2005 .

[17]  H. Jain,et al.  Kinetics of laser-induced photodarkening in arsenic based chalcogenide glasses , 2011 .

[18]  K Miura,et al.  Writing Waveguides and Gratings in Silica and Related Materials by Femto-Second Laser , 1998, Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals.

[19]  Jiyeon Choi.  Femtosecond laser written volumetric diffractive optical elements and their applications , 2009 .

[20]  J. Pellegrino,et al.  Photoplasticity and fracture in HgCdTe , 1985 .

[21]  Martin Richardson,et al.  Effect of IR femtosecond laser irradiation on the structure of new sulfo-selenide glasses , 2007 .

[22]  David B. Williams,et al.  Creation of Ferroelectric, Single‐Crystal Architecture in Sm0.5La0.5BGeO5 Glass , 2007 .

[23]  Oleg M. Efimov,et al.  Waveguide writing in chalcogenide glasses by train of femtosecond laser pulses , 2001 .

[24]  G. Wannier.  The Structure of Electronic Excitation Levels in Insulating Crystals , 1937 .

[25]  M J Withford,et al.  Fifty percent internal slope efficiency femtosecond direct-written Tm³⁺:ZBLAN waveguide laser. , 2011, Optics letters.

[26]  Stefano Taccheo,et al.  Femtosecond writing of active optical waveguides with astigmatically shaped beams , 2003 .

[27]  H. G. Kim,et al.  Patterning of Non‐Linear Optical Crystals in Glass by Laser‐Induced Crystallization , 2007 .

[28]  Stanford R. Ovshinsky,et al.  Rapid Reversible Light-Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Semiconductors , 1971 .

[29]  Ali A. Said,et al.  Optical waveguide amplifier in Nd-doped glass written with near-IR femtosecond laser pulses , 2000 .

[30]  R. Street.  Non-radiative recombination in chalcogenide glasses , 1977 .

[31]  S. Gagnon,et al.  Role of the 1D optical filamentation process in the writing of first order fiber Bragg gratings with femtosecond pulses at 800nm [Invited] , 2011 .

[32]  T. Yoko,et al.  Waveguide formation in niobium tellurite glasses by pico- and femtosecond laser pulses , 2003 .

[33]  Martin Richardson,et al.  Color-center generation in silicate glasses exposed to infrared femtosecond pulses , 1998 .

[34]  E. Mazur,et al.  Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials , 2008 .

[35]  S. Nolte,et al.  Femtosecond waveguide writing: a new avenue to three-dimensional integrated optics , 2003 .

[36]  Martin Richardson,et al.  Direct femtosecond laser writing of waveguides in As2S3 thin films. , 2004, Optics letters.

[37]  R Osellame,et al.  Femtosecond laser written optical waveguide amplifier in phospho-tellurite glass. , 2010, Optics express.

[38]  A. Giesen,et al.  Fifteen Years of Work on Thin-Disk Lasers: Results and Scaling Laws , 2007, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[39]  L. Vivien,et al.  Size influence on the propagation loss induced by sidewall roughness in ultrasmall SOI waveguides , 2004, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[40]  J. Ferraro,et al.  Infrared absorption spectra of sodium silicate glasses at high pressures , 1972 .

[41]  A. Owen,et al.  A model for photostructural changes in the amorphous AsS system , 1983 .

[42]  J. P. Callan,et al.  Three-dimensional optical storage inside transparent materials. , 1996, Optics letters.

[43]  P. Corkum,et al.  Optically produced arrays of planar nanostructures inside fused silica. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[44]  Jiyeon Choi,et al.  Progress on the Photoresponse of Chalcogenide Glasses and Films to Near-Infrared Femtosecond Laser Irradiation: A Review , 2008, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[45]  Tsuneo Mitsuyu,et al.  Photowritten optical waveguides in various glasses with ultrashort pulse laser , 1997 .

[46]  Anders Bjarklev,et al.  Direct UV writing of buried singlemode channel waveguides in Ge-doped silica films , 1994 .

[47]  Miroslav Vlcek,et al.  Glasses for lithography , 2008 .

[48]  Geng Lin,et al.  Femtosecond laser induced space-selective precipitation of nonlinear optical crystals in rare-earth-doped glasses. , 2007, Optics express.

[49]  Andreas Kaiser,et al.  Microscopic processes in dielectrics under irradiation by subpicosecond laser pulses , 2000 .

[50]  Evgeny B. Yakovlev,et al.  Laser heating and evaporation of glass and glass-borning materials and its application for creating MOC , 1991, Optics & Photonics.

[51]  Laurent Pilon,et al.  Optical constants of silica glass from extreme ultraviolet to far infrared at near room temperature. , 2007, Applied optics.

[52]  S. Elliott,et al.  A unified model for reversible photostructural effects in chalcogenide glasses , 1986 .

[53]  Vien Van,et al.  Propagation loss in single-mode GaAs-AlGaAs microring resonators: measurement and model , 2001 .

[54]  Stephen R. Elliott,et al.  Photoinduced effects and metastability in amorphous semiconductors and insulators , 1995 .

[55]  Eric Mazur,et al.  Microexplosions in tellurite glasses , 2003 .

[56]  A. Kolobov,et al.  Reversible and athermal photo-vitrification of As50Se50 thin films deposited onto silicon wafer and glass substrates , 1999 .

[57]  Keisuke Yahata.  Crack Propagation Analysis in Laser Scribing of Glass , 2010 .

[58]  Kazuyuki Hirao,et al.  Glasses for Photonic Applications , 2010 .

[59]  S. Risbud,et al.  Structural changes in fused silica after exposure to focused femtosecond laser pulses. , 2001, Optics letters.

[60]  Y. Liu,et al.  Femtosecond laser direct writing of TiO2 crystalline patterns in glass , 2008 .

[61]  K. Greulich,et al.  The UV-induced 210 nm absorption band in fused silica with different thermal history and stoichiometry☆ , 1993 .

[62]  Guillaume Petite,et al.  Dynamics of femtosecond laser interactions with dielectrics , 2004 .

[63]  A. E. Owen,et al.  Calculation of the thickness and optical constants of amorphous arsenic sulphide films from their transmission spectra , 1992 .

[64]  Evgeny B. Yakovlev,et al.  Laser fabrication of MOC based on soft laser heating of glass and glasslike materials , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[65]  C. Waits,et al.  Chalcogenide glass e-beam and photoresists for ultrathin grayscale patterning , 2009 .

[66]  A. Streltsov,et al.  Fabrication and analysis of a directional coupler written in glass by nanojoule femtosecond laser pulses. , 2001, Optics letters.

[67]  Y. Shimotsuma,et al.  Self-organized nanogratings in glass irradiated by ultrashort light pulses. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[68]  S. Debbarma,et al.  Femtosecond laser written channel waveguides in tellurite glass. , 2006, Optics express.

[69]  Lei Li,et al.  Modeling laser texturing of silicate glass , 2001 .

[70]  Andreas Tünnermann,et al.  Laser direct writing: Enabling monolithic and hybrid integrated solutions on the lithium niobate platform , 2011 .

[71]  L. Glebov,et al.  High-efficiency bragg gratings in photothermorefractive glass. , 1999, Applied optics.

[72]  H. Jain,et al.  Arsenic sulphide glasses as novel photoresist materials , 2005 .

[73]  Katsuhisa Tanaka,et al.  Giant photoexpansion in As2S3 glass , 1994 .

[74]  A. Kolobov,et al.  Photodoping of amorphous chalcogenides by metals , 1991 .

[75]  Ian Bennion,et al.  Fiber Bragg gratings inscribed using 800nm femtosecond laser and a phase mask in single- and multi-core mid-IR glass fibers. , 2009, Optics express.

[76]  Nicholas F. Borrelli,et al.  Study of femtosecond-laser-written waveguides in glasses , 2002 .

[77]  Guorong Chen,et al.  A photo-stable chalcogenide glass. , 2008, Optics express.

[78]  D N Payne,et al.  Photoinduced absorption change in germanosilicate preforms: evidence for the color-center model of photosensitivity. , 1995, Applied optics.

[79]  B. D. Fabes,et al.  Laser processing of sol-gel coatings , 1992 .

[80]  W. A. Reed,et al.  Ultraviolet laser fabrication of ultrastrong optical fiber gratings and of germania‐doped channel waveguides , 1993 .

[81]  Yaron Silberberg,et al.  Discrete Solitons in Optics , 2008 .

[82]  K. Miura,et al.  Writing waveguides in glass with a femtosecond laser. , 1996, Optics letters.

[83]  Yasuhiko Shimotsuma,et al.  Nanofabrication in transparent materials with a femtosecond pulse laser , 2006 .

[84]  Li,et al.  Direct calculation of light-induced structural change and diffusive motion in glassy As2Se3 , 2000, Physical review letters.