A Survey of Clustering Techniques in WSNs and Consideration of the Challenges of Applying Such to 5G IoT Scenarios

Wireless sensor network (WSN) systems are typically composed of thousands of sensors that are powered by limited energy resources. To extend the networks longevity, clustering techniques have been introduced to enhance energy efficiency. This paper presents a survey on clustering over the last two decades. Existing protocols are analyzed from a quality of service (QoS) perspective including three common objectives, those of energy efficiency, reliable communication and latency awareness. This review reveals that QoS aware clustering demands more attention. Furthermore, there is a need to clarify how to improve quality of user experience (QoE) through clustering. Understanding the users’ requirements is critical in intelligent systems for the purpose of enabling the ability of supporting diverse scenarios. User awareness or user oriented design is one remaining challenging problem in clustering. In additional, this paper discusses the potential challenges of implementing clustering schemes to Internet of Things (IoT) systems in 5G networks. We indicate that clustering techniques enhanced with smart network selection solutions could highly benefit the QoS and QoE in IoT. As the current studies for WSNs are conducted either in homogeneous or low level heterogeneous networks, they are not ideal or even not able to function in highly dynamic IoT systems with a large range of user scenarios. Moreover, when 5G is finally realized, the problem will become more complex than that in traditional simplified WSNs. Several challenges related to applying clustering techniques to IoT in 5G environment are presented and discussed.

[1]  Longfei Wu,et al.  Energy and Delay Minimization in Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Communications.

[2]  Kay Römer,et al.  The design space of wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[3]  Yashwant Prasad Singh,et al.  Topology-controlled adaptive clustering for uniformity and increased lifetime in wireless sensor networks , 2012, IET Wirel. Sens. Syst..

[4]  Ivan Stojmenovic,et al.  Hierarchical geographic multicast routing for wireless sensor networks , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2007).

[5]  Song Guo,et al.  An SDN-Based Architecture for Next-Generation Wireless Networks , 2017, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[6]  Ibrihich Ouafaa,et al.  The Comparison Study of Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Ad-Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks: A Literature Survey , 2015 .

[7]  Ossama Younis,et al.  Node clustering in wireless sensor networks: recent developments and deployment challenges , 2006, IEEE Network.

[8]  Yuan Li,et al.  Heterogeneous cloud radio access networks: a new perspective for enhancing spectral and energy efficiencies , 2014, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[9]  Hongbo Zhu,et al.  Bandwidth Allocation in Heterogeneous Networks with Wireless Backhaul , 2016, 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM).

[10]  D.P. Agrawal,et al.  APTEEN: a hybrid protocol for efficient routing and comprehensive information retrieval in wireless , 2002, Proceedings 16th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium.

[11]  Yookun Cho,et al.  PEACH: Power-efficient and adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2007, Comput. Commun..

[12]  Chee-Yee Chong,et al.  Sensor networks: evolution, opportunities, and challenges , 2003, Proc. IEEE.

[13]  P. Kumar,et al.  Survey of clustering algorithms using fuzzy logic in wireless sensor network , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability.

[14]  Rasim M. Alguliev,et al.  Hierarchical routing in wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2010, 2010 2nd International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology.

[15]  Sandeep Waraich,et al.  A Comparative Study on LEACH Routing Protocol and Its Variants in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey , 2014 .

[16]  Gang Wang,et al.  An Energy-Aware Distributed Unequal Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[17]  Halim Yanikomeroglu,et al.  Device-to-device communication in 5G cellular networks: challenges, solutions, and future directions , 2014, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[18]  Theodore S. Rappaport,et al.  Wireless communications - principles and practice , 1996 .

[19]  Peng Ren,et al.  Unequal Clustering Scheme Based LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 Fourth International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing.

[20]  Mikko Sallinen,et al.  Survey of Wireless Sensor Networks Simulation Tools for Demanding Applications , 2009, 2009 Fifth International Conference on Networking and Services.

[21]  Anand Nayyar,et al.  A Comprehensive Review of Cluster-Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014 .

[22]  Murat Demirbas,et al.  FLOC : A Fast Local Clustering Service for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2004 .

[23]  Abraham O. Fapojuwo,et al.  A centralized energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2005, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[24]  San Murugesan,et al.  Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices , 2008, IT Professional.

[25]  Anantha P. Chandrakasan,et al.  An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks , 2002, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[26]  Hadi Larijani,et al.  A Survey on Centralised and Distributed Clustering Routing Algorithms for WSNs , 2015, 2015 IEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring).

[27]  Neeraj Kumar,et al.  A systematic review on clustering and routing techniques based upon LEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2013, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[28]  Jinsuk Baek,et al.  A strategic deployment and cluster-header selection for wireless sensor networks , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.

[29]  Sneha A. Dalvi,et al.  Internet of Things for Smart Cities , 2017 .

[30]  Wendi Heinzelman,et al.  Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[31]  Ricard Vilalta,et al.  The CTTC 5G End-to-End Experimental Platform : Integrating Heterogeneous Wireless/Optical Networks, Distributed Cloud, and IoT Devices , 2016, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine.

[32]  Tariq A. A. Alsboui,et al.  Simulation Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks : A Survey , 2012 .

[33]  Kenneth H. Pollock,et al.  Large scale wildlife monitoring studies: statistical methods for design and analysis , 2002 .

[34]  Olga Galinina,et al.  Intelligent access network selection in converged multi-radio heterogeneous networks , 2014, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[35]  Ali Tufail.  Reliable Latency-Aware Routing for Clustered WSNs , 2012, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[36]  Radhika Nagpal,et al.  An Algorithm For Group Formation In An Amorphous Computer , 1998 .

[37]  Wendi B. Heinzelman,et al.  Prolonging the lifetime of wireless sensor networks via unequal clustering , 2005, 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium.

[38]  Doan B. Hoang,et al.  S-Web: An Efficient and Self-organizing Wireless Sensor Network Model , 2008, NBiS.

[39]  Poonam Sinha,et al.  Clustering Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks : A Survey 1 st , 2013 .

[40]  Ying Liao,et al.  Load-Balanced Clustering Algorithm With Distributed Self-Organization for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2013, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[41]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2002, Comput. Networks.

[42]  Shuai Wang,et al.  Enterprise LTE and WiFi interworking system and a proposed network selection solution , 2016, 2016 ACM/IEEE Symposium on Architectures for Networking and Communications Systems (ANCS).

[43]  Kin K. Leung,et al.  A dynamic clustering and energy efficient routing technique for sensor networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[44]  Christos Douligeris,et al.  Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks Through Balanced Clustering , 2013, Algorithms.

[45]  Ameer Ahmed Abbasi,et al.  A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks , 2007, Comput. Commun..

[46]  Omar Banimelhem,et al.  An efficient clustering approach using genetic algorithm and node mobility in wireless sensor networks , 2014, 2014 11th International Symposium on Wireless Communications Systems (ISWCS).

[47]  Yingshu Li,et al.  An Energy-Efficient Distributed Algorithm for Minimum-Latency Aggregation Scheduling in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 IEEE 30th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems.

[48]  Tao Liu,et al.  An energy-balancing clustering approach for gradient-based routing in wireless sensor networks , 2012, Comput. Commun..

[49]  Robert W. Heath,et al.  Five disruptive technology directions for 5G , 2013, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[50]  A. Manjeshwar,et al.  TEEN: a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks , 2001, Proceedings 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. IPDPS 2001.

[51]  Romano Fantacci,et al.  Short paper: Overcoming IoT fragmentation through standard gateway architecture , 2014, 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT).

[52]  Ricardo Lent,et al.  Lightweight clustering in wireless sensor-actuator networks on obstructed environments , 2008, 2008 3rd International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing.

[53]  Ravi Prakash,et al.  Max-min d-cluster formation in wireless ad hoc networks , 2000, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064).

[54]  Sungryoul Lee,et al.  LUCA: An Energy-efficient Unequal Clustering Algorithm Using Location Information for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[55]  Young-Ju Han,et al.  The Concentric Clustering Scheme for Efficient Energy Consumption in the PEGASIS , 2007, The 9th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology.

[56]  D. Coore,et al.  An Algorithm for Group Formation and Maximal Independent Set in an Amorphous Computer , 1998 .

[57]  Monica R Mundada,et al.  A STUDY ON ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS , 2012 .

[58]  Geoffrey Ye Li,et al.  Multi-Objective Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for Multi-RAT Heterogeneous Networks , 2015, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[59]  S. Deng,et al.  Mobility-based clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks with mobile nodes , 2011, IET Wirel. Sens. Syst..

[60]  Gregory M. P. O'Hare,et al.  The Impact of Transmission Power Control in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2013, 2013 IEEE 12th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications.

[61]  Haiyun Luo,et al.  TTDD: Two-Tier Data Dissemination in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks , 2005, Wirel. Networks.

[62]  Sheng Wang,et al.  Time Delay Based Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2007, 2007 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.

[63]  Shinsuke Hara,et al.  EACLE : Energy-Aware Clustering Scheme with Transmission Power Control for Sensor Networks , 2007, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[64]  Gerald W. Both,et al.  Object-oriented analysis and design with applications , 1994 .

[65]  Tao Zhang,et al.  Fog and IoT: An Overview of Research Opportunities , 2016, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[66]  C. P. Subha,et al.  A survey on energy efficient neural network based clustering models in wireless sensor networks , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Emerging Trends in VLSI, Embedded System, Nano Electronics and Telecommunication System (ICEVENT).

[67]  Anis Koubaa,et al.  Radio link quality estimation in wireless sensor networks , 2012, ACM Trans. Sens. Networks.

[68]  Sheng-Shih Wang,et al.  LCM: A Link-Aware Clustering Mechanism for Energy-Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2013, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[69]  Makoto Takizawa,et al.  A Survey on Clustering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 13th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems.

[70]  Congfeng Jiang,et al.  Towards Clustering Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks-A Survey , 2009, 2009 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.

[71]  Fabrice Labeau,et al.  Effect of location on the latency in cluster-based WSNs , 2013, 2013 IEEE SENSORS.

[72]  Krishna M. Sivalingam,et al.  Data Gathering Algorithms in Sensor Networks Using Energy Metrics , 2002, IEEE Trans. Parallel Distributed Syst..

[73]  R.P. Yadav,et al.  Clusterhead selection in clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks: A survey , 2008, 2008 International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking.

[74]  Matt Grob.  The road to 5G: Providing the connectivity fabric for everything , 2015, 2015 IEEE Hot Chips 27 Symposium (HCS).

[75]  Samir Khuller,et al.  A clustering scheme for hierarchical control in multi-hop wireless networks , 2001, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2001. Conference on Computer Communications. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Society (Cat. No.01CH37213).

[76]  Chonggang Wang,et al.  Balancing backhaul load in heterogeneous cloud radio access networks , 2015, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[77]  Lionel M. Ni,et al.  An Energy-Efficient K-Hop Clustering Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2007, EWSN.

[78]  Rahim Tafazolli,et al.  An Energy-Efficient Clustering Solution for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[79]  Rahim Tafazolli,et al.  A survey on clustering techniques for cooperative wireless networks , 2016, Ad Hoc Networks.

[80]  Thinh Nguyen,et al.  Distance Based Thresholds for Cluster Head Selection in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, IEEE Communications Letters.

[81]  Ossama Younis,et al.  HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[82]  Rodney Vaughan,et al.  Spectrum options for wireless backhaul of small cells , 2014, The 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2014).

[83]  Gregory M. P. O'Hare,et al.  Reliable multihop intra-cluster communication for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014, 2014 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC).

[84]  Pramod K. Varshney,et al.  Energy-efficient deployment of Intelligent Mobile sensor networks , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans.

[85]  Padmalaya Nayak,et al.  A Fuzzy Logic-Based Clustering Algorithm for WSN to Extend the Network Lifetime , 2016, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[86]  Adnan Yazici,et al.  An energy aware fuzzy unequal clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks , 2010, International Conference on Fuzzy Systems.

[87]  Patrick Thiran,et al.  Latency of wireless sensor networks with uncoordinated power saving mechanisms , 2004, MobiHoc '04.

[88]  Pilar Barreiro,et al.  A Review of Wireless Sensor Technologies and Applications in Agriculture and Food Industry: State of the Art and Current Trends , 2009, Sensors.

[89]  Franz Aurenhammer,et al.  Voronoi diagrams—a survey of a fundamental geometric data structure , 1991, CSUR.

[90]  Kalpana Sharma,et al.  A Survey on Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2016 .

[91]  Daquan Tang,et al.  Energy Efficient and Balanced Cluster-Based Data Aggregation Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012 .

[92]  Daryoush Habibi,et al.  Transmission power control in multihop wireless sensor networks , 2011, 2011 Third International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN).

[93]  Jie Wu,et al.  EECS: an energy efficient clustering scheme in wireless sensor networks , 2005, PCCC 2005. 24th IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference, 2005..

[94]  D. Zhang,et al.  An Energy Efficient and Balance Hierarchical Unequal Clustering Algorithm for Large Scale Sensor Networks , 2009 .

[95]  M. N. Hindia,et al.  Enabling Remote Health-Caring Utilizing IoT Concept over LTE-Femtocell Networks , 2016, PloS one.

[96]  Xuxun Liu,et al.  Atypical Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review , 2015, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[97]  K. Somasundaram,et al.  A comparative study of clusterhead selection algorithms in wireless sensor networks , 2011, ArXiv.

[98]  Sayyada Hajera Begum,et al.  A Survey on Cluster Based Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2015 .

[99]  Mario Gerla,et al.  Adaptive Clustering for Mobile Wireless Networks , 1997, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[100]  Gregory M. P. O'Hare,et al.  A User Configurable Metric for Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014, SENSORNETS.

[101]  Prithwish Basu,et al.  A mobility based metric for clustering in mobile ad hoc networks , 2001, Proceedings 21st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops.

[102]  Jaesik Lee,et al.  An Energy-Efficient Distributed Unequal Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2008 .

[103]  Yong Li,et al.  System architecture and key technologies for 5G heterogeneous cloud radio access networks , 2015, IEEE Netw..

[104]  Romano Fantacci,et al.  A network architecture solution for efficient IOT WSN backhauling: challenges and opportunities , 2014, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[105]  Alfredo Navarra,et al.  UHEED - An Unequal Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, SENSORNETS.

[106]  JoAnne Holliday,et al.  Distributed Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2005, DCOSS.

[107]  Muhammad Ali Imran,et al.  Load Aware Self-Organising User-Centric Dynamic CoMP Clustering for 5G Networks , 2016, IEEE Access.

[108]  Jung-Hwan Kim,et al.  PRODUCE: A Probability-Driven Unequal Clustering Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2008, 22nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications - Workshops (aina workshops 2008).

[109]  Noritaka Shigei,et al.  Energy Efficient Clustering Communication Based on Number of Neighbors for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010 .

[110]  V. Jungnickel,et al.  Optical wireless communication for backhaul and access , 2015, 2015 European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC).

[111]  Hiroshi Ishii,et al.  A Survey on the Taxonomy of Cluster-Based Routing Protocols for Homogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, Sensors.

[112]  Xuxun Liu,et al.  A Survey on Clustering Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, Sensors.

[113]  Maria Rita Palattella,et al.  Internet of Things in the 5G Era: Enablers, Architecture, and Business Models , 2016, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[114]  Jacques Palicot,et al.  Advanced metering infrastructure backhaul reliability improvement with cognitive radio , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm).

[115]  Yan Jin,et al.  EEMC: An Energy-Efficient Multi-Tier Clustering Algorithm for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006, 2006 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing.

[116]  Gregory M. P. O'Hare,et al.  A Smart and Balanced Energy-Efficient Multihop Clustering Algorithm (Smart-BEEM) for MIMO IoT Systems in Future Networks † , 2017, Sensors.

[117]  Edward J. Coyle,et al.  An energy efficient hierarchical clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks , 2003, IEEE INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37428).

[118]  Moustafa Ghanem,et al.  Distributed Clustering-Based Aggregation Algorithm for Spatial Correlated Sensor Networks , 2011, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[119]  Jangkyu Yun,et al.  A clustering method for energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks , 2007 .

[120]  Qi Han,et al.  AWARE: Activity AWARE network clustering for wireless sensor networks , 2011, 2011 IEEE 36th Conference on Local Computer Networks.

[121]  Jie Wu,et al.  A probabilistic clustering algorithm in wireless sensor networks , 2005, VTC-2005-Fall. 2005 IEEE 62nd Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005..

[122]  M. Luccini,et al.  Algorithms for Node Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey , 2008, 2008 4th International Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability.

[123]  Wooseong Kim,et al.  Adaptive Resource Scheduling for Dual Connectivity in Heterogeneous IoT Cellular Networks , 2016, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[124]  Mykhailo Klymash,et al.  Smart backhauling subsystem for 5G heterogeneous network , 2015, The Experience of Designing and Application of CAD Systems in Microelectronics.

[125]  Michael E. Theologou,et al.  Optimal Backhaul Resource Management in Wireless-Optical Converged Networks , 2014, IoT360.

[126]  G. Sirisha,et al.  Establishing Path Quality Management in Wireless Sensor Networks through Cluster Head Determination , 2016 .

[127]  K. Goutham Raju,et al.  Mobile Data Gathering with Load Balanced Clustering and Dual Data Uploading in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2016 .

[128]  Indranil Gupta,et al.  Cluster-head election using fuzzy logic for wireless sensor networks , 2005, 3rd Annual Communication Networks and Services Research Conference (CNSR'05).

[129]  Chunming Qiao,et al.  Improve Efficiency and Reliability in Single-Hop WSNs with Transmit-Only Nodes , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[130]  Wei Zhou.  Energy efficient clustering algorithm based on neighbors for wireless sensor networks , 2011 .

[131]  Chih-Yu Wen,et al.  Distributed Clustering With Directional Antennas for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2013, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[132]  Mian Ahmad Jan,et al.  A Survey of Cluster-based Hierarchical Routing Protocols , 2013 .

[133]  Romano Fantacci,et al.  The role of small cell technology in future Smart City applications , 2014, Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol..

[134]  Hee Yong Youn,et al.  Energy-Driven Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (EDACH) for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2005, EUC Workshops.

[135]  Hongwei Zhang,et al.  GS3: scalable self-configuration and self-healing in wireless networks , 2002, PODC '02.

[136]  Azer Bestavros,et al.  SEP: A Stable Election Protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks , 2004 .

[137]  Layuan Li,et al.  Multihop Routing Protocol with Unequal Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2008, 2008 ISECS International Colloquium on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management.

[138]  Jie Wu,et al.  An energy-efficient unequal clustering mechanism for wireless sensor networks , 2005, IEEE International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems Conference, 2005..

[139]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  Survey of Extended LEACH-Based Clustering Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, 2012 IEEE 14th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communication & 2012 IEEE 9th International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems.

[140]  Dirk Timmermann,et al.  Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy with deterministic cluster-head selection , 2002, 4th International Workshop on Mobile and Wireless Communications Network.

[141]  David E. Culler,et al.  Analysis of wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring , 2004 .

[142]  Aniruddha S. Gokhale,et al.  Publish/subscribe-enabled software defined networking for efficient and scalable IoT communications , 2015, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[143]  Muhammad Farukh Munir,et al.  Increasing Connectivity in Wireless Sensor-Actuator Networks Using Dynamic Actuator Cooperation , 2008, VTC Spring 2008 - IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference.

[144]  Nidal Nasser,et al.  Comparison of Clustering Algorithms and Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006, 2006 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering.

[145]  P. Levis,et al.  RSSI is Under Appreciated , 2006 .

[146]  Anthony Ephremides,et al.  The Architectural Organization of a Mobile Radio Network via a Distributed Algorithm , 1981, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[147]  Esa Piri,et al.  Performance of LTE uplink for IoT backhaul , 2016, 2016 13th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC).

[148]  Gregory M. P. O'Hare,et al.  A Balanced Energy-Efficient Multihop clustering scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014, 2014 7th IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC).

[149]  M. Mehdi Afsar,et al.  Clustering in sensor networks: A literature survey , 2014, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[150]  Gonzalo Mateos,et al.  Health Monitoring and Management Using Internet-of-Things (IoT) Sensing with Cloud-Based Processing: Opportunities and Challenges , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing.

[151]  A. Agrawala,et al.  WSN16-5: Distributed Formation of Overlapping Multi-hop Clusters in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006, IEEE Globecom 2006.

[152]  V. Loscri,et al.  A two-levels hierarchy for low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (TL-LEACH) , 2005, VTC-2005-Fall. 2005 IEEE 62nd Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005..

[153]  Matthias R. Brust,et al.  Adaptive multi-hop clustering in mobile networks , 2007, Mobility '07.

[154]  Alexandre Salles da Cunha,et al.  Balancing message delivery latency and network lifetime through an integrated model for clustering and routing in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011, Comput. Networks.

[155]  Adrian Perrig,et al.  ACE: An Emergent Algorithm for Highly Uniform Cluster Formation , 2004, EWSN.

[156]  Levente Buttyán,et al.  PANEL: Position-based Aggregator Node Election in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2007, 2007 IEEE Internatonal Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems.