Integrated Placement and Routing of Relay Nodes for Fault-Tolerant Hierarchical Sensor Networks

Two-tiered sensor networks have gained popularity in recent years, due to their ability to facilitate load-balanced data gathering, fault-tolerance as well as increased network connectivity and coverage. Using higher-powered relay nodes as cluster heads can lead to further improvements in network performance. It is important to determine an appropriate placement scheme for such relay nodes, in order to achieve specified coverage and connectivity requirements with as few relay nodes as possible. A significant amount of work has been done in this area in recent years. However, existing placement strategies typically do not consider energy dissipation due to routing and are not capable of optimizing the routing scheme and placement concurrently. In this paper, we propose an integrated integer linear program (ILP) formulation that determines the minimum number of relay nodes, along with their locations and a suitable communication strategy such that i) all sensor nodes are able to connect to at least ks relay nodes, ii) the upper tier relay node network is at least Kr-connected and iii) the network has a guaranteed lifetime. We also present an intersection based scheme for creating the initial set of potential relay node positions, which are used by our ILP, and evaluate its performance under different conditions. Experimental results on networks with hundreds of sensor nodes show that our approach leads to significant improvements over existing energy-unaware placement schemes.

[1]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Medium access control with coordinated adaptive sleeping for wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[2]  A. Bari,et al.  Maximizing the Lifetime of Two-Tiered Sensor Networks , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology.

[3]  TangJian,et al.  Relay node placement in large scale wireless sensor networks , 2006 .

[4]  Arunita Jaekel,et al.  Design of sensor networks with guaranteed connectivity and lifetime , 2007, WICON '07.

[5]  Jianping Pan,et al.  Topology control for wireless sensor networks , 2003, MobiCom '03.

[6]  Jukka Suomela,et al.  Relay Placement in Sensor Networks , 2005 .

[7]  A. Manjeshwar,et al.  TEEN: a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks , 2001, Proceedings 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. IPDPS 2001.

[8]  Arunita Jaekel,et al.  Optimal Load Balanced Clustering in Two-Tiered Sensor Networks , 2006, 2006 3rd International Conference on Broadband Communications, Networks and Systems.

[9]  S. Midkiff,et al.  Lifetime-Optimal Data Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks Without Flow Splitting , 2022 .

[10]  Wendi B. Heinzelman,et al.  Application-specific protocol architectures for wireless networks , 2000 .

[11]  Arunita Jaekel,et al.  Integrated Clustering and Routing Strategies for Large Scale Sensor Networks , 2007, Networking.

[12]  Zeng Peng.  Topology control for wireless sensor networks , 2008 .

[13]  JAMAL N. AL-KARAKI,et al.  Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2004, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[14]  Wendi Heinzelman,et al.  Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[15]  Suresh Singh,et al.  Exploiting heterogeneity in sensor networks , 2005, Proceedings IEEE 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies..

[16]  R. Subramanian,et al.  Sleep scheduling and lifetime maximization in sensor networks: fundamental limits and optimal solutions , 2006, 2006 5th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.

[17]  Guohui Lin,et al.  Steiner Tree Problem with Minimum Number of Steiner Points and Bounded Edge-Length , 1999, Inf. Process. Lett..

[18]  Arunita Jaekel,et al.  Optimal Placement of Relay Nodes in Two-Tiered, Fault Tolerant Sensor Networks , 2007, 2007 12th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications.

[19]  B. Krishnamachari,et al.  Analysis of energy-efficient, fair routing in wireless sensor networks through non-linear optimization , 2003, 2003 IEEE 58th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2003-Fall (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37484).

[20]  John Anderson,et al.  Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring , 2002, WSNA '02.

[21]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2002, Comput. Networks.

[22]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  Optimal information extraction in energy-limited wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[23]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  A wireless sensor network For structural monitoring , 2004, SenSys '04.

[24]  Mohamed F. Younis,et al.  Load-balanced clustering of wireless sensor networks , 2003, IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2003. ICC '03..

[25]  Pravin Varaiya,et al.  Optimal Placement of Relay Nodes for Energy Efficiency in Sensor Networks , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[26]  Pekka Orponen,et al.  Balanced Data Gathering in Energy-Constrained Sensor Networks , 2004, ALGOSENSORS.

[27]  Konstantinos Kalpakis,et al.  MAXIMUM LIFETIME DATA GATHERING AND AGGREGATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS , 2002 .

[28]  Ataul. Bari.  Optimization strategies for two-tiered sensor networks. , 2006 .

[29]  Lusheng Wang,et al.  Relay sensor placement in wireless sensor networks , 2008, Wirel. Networks.

[30]  Guoliang Xue,et al.  Fault-tolerant relay node placement in wireless sensor networks: formulation and approximation , 2004, 2004 Workshop on High Performance Switching and Routing, 2004. HPSR..

[31]  Ossama Younis,et al.  HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[32]  Giljae Lee,et al.  A Base Station Centralized Simple Clustering Protocol for Sensor Networks , 2006, EUC.

[33]  Hai Liu,et al.  Fault-Tolerant Relay Node Placement in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2005, COCOON.

[34]  S.A. Khan,et al.  Analyzing & Enhancing energy Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Micro-sensor Networks , 2005, 2005 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies.

[35]  Jukka Suomela.  Computational Complexity of Relay Placement in Sensor Networks , 2006, SOFSEM.

[36]  Arunabha Sen,et al.  Relay node placement in large scale wireless sensor networks , 2006, Comput. Commun..

[37]  Konstantinos Kalpakis,et al.  Topology-aware placement and role assignment for energy-efficient information gathering in sensor networks , 2003, Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications. ISCC 2003.

[38]  Mohamed F. Younis,et al.  Fault-tolerant clustering of wireless sensor networks , 2003, 2003 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking, 2003. WCNC 2003..

[39]  Y.T. Hou,et al.  On energy provisioning and relay node placement for wireless sensor networks , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[40]  Rabi N. Mahapatra,et al.  Lifetime modeling of a sensor network , 2005, Design, Automation and Test in Europe.

[41]  Chee-Yee Chong,et al.  Sensor networks: evolution, opportunities, and challenges , 2003, Proc. IEEE.