Psychology and culture.

Psychological processes influence culture. Culture influences psychological processes. Individual thoughts and actions influence cultural norms and practices as they evolve over time, and these cultural norms and practices influence the thoughts and actions of individuals. Large bodies of literature support these conclusions within the context of research on evolutionary processes, epistemic needs, interpersonal communication, attention, perception, attributional thinking, self-regulation, human agency, self-worth, and contextual activation of cultural paradigms. Cross-cultural research has greatly enriched psychology, and key issues for continued growth and maturation of the field of cultural psychology are articulated.

[1]  F. H. Hankins,et al.  The Psychology of Social Norms , 1937 .

[2]  Margaret Mead.  Cultural Patterns and Technical Change , 1954 .

[3]  M. Sherif.  The Psychology of Social Norms , 1937 .

[4]  R. Nisbett,et al.  Culture and Cognition , 2002 .

[5]  Donald T. Campbell,et al.  Legal and primary-group social controls , 1982 .

[6]  M. Bond,et al.  Experimenter language choice and ethnic affirmation by Chinese trilinguals in Hong Kong , 1984 .

[7]  Margaret Mead,et al.  Cultural Patterns and Technical Change , 1954 .

[8]  D. O. Sears.  College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology's view of human nature. , 1986 .

[9]  J. Greenberg,et al.  Evidence for terror management theory: I. The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[10]  H. Triandis.  The Self and Social Behavior in Differing Cultural Contexts , 1989 .

[11]  D. Trafimow,et al.  Some tests of the distinction between the private self and the collective self. , 1991 .

[12]  H. Markus,et al.  Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. , 1991 .

[13]  A. Kruglanski,et al.  Group members' reactions to opinion deviates and conformists at varying degrees of proximity to decision deadline and of environmental noise. , 1991, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[14]  P. Blumenfeld,et al.  Group and Gender in Japanese and American Elementary Classrooms , 1991 .

[15]  R. Brislin,et al.  The measurement of intercultural sensitivity using the concepts of individualism and collectivism , 1992 .

[16]  R. Harris,et al.  A Cross-Cultural Study of Story Memory , 1992 .

[17]  L. Cosmides,et al.  The Adapted mind : evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture , 1992 .

[18]  G. Domino.  Cooperation and Competition in Chinese and American Children , 1992 .

[19]  J. Greenberg,et al.  Effects of Self-Esteem on Vulnerability-Denying Defensive Distortions: Further Evidence of an Anxiety-Buffering Function of Self-Esteem , 1993 .

[20]  A. Tesser,et al.  The importance of heritability in psychological research: the case of attitudes. , 1993, Psychological review.

[21]  A. Kruglanski,et al.  Motivated resistance and openness to persuasion in the presence or absence of prior information. , 1993, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

[22]  Sharon Shavitt,et al.  Persuasion and culture: Advertising appeals in individualistic and collectivistic societies. , 1994 .

[23]  M. Morris,et al.  Culture and Cause: American and Chinese Attributions for Social and Physical Events , 1994 .

[24]  J S Uleman,et al.  Spontaneous self-descriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. , 1995, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[25]  E. Diener,et al.  Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. , 1995, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[26]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the West feel more vulnerable than the East? , 1995 .

[27]  D. Rubin.  Memory in Oral Traditions: The Cognitive Psychology of Epic, Ballads, and Counting-out Rhymes , 1995 .

[28]  J. Greenberg,et al.  Evidence of a Terror Management Function of Cultural Icons: The Effects of Mortality Salience on the Inappropriate Use of Cherished Cultural Symbols , 1995 .

[29]  Richard A. Shweder,et al.  Who sleeps by whom revisited: a method for extracting the moral goods implicit in practice. , 1995, New directions for child development.

[30]  Bradd Shore,et al.  Culture in Mind: Cognition, Culture, and the Problem of Meaning , 1996 .

[31]  The moderating roles of self-esteem and self-construal in reaction to a threat to the self: evidence from the People's Republic of China and the United States. , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[32]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. , 1996 .

[33]  D. Sperber,et al.  Explaining Culture: A Naturalistic Approach , 1998 .

[34]  B. Latané,et al.  Spatial clustering in the conformity game: Dynamic social impact in electronic groups. , 1996 .

[35]  S. Guimond,et al.  The Political Socialization of Commerce and Social Science Students: Epistemic Authority and Attitude Change1 , 1996 .

[36]  Curtis D. Hardin,et al.  Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective. , 1996 .

[37]  C. Kosmitzki.  The Reaffirmation of Cultural Identity in Cross-Cultural Encounters , 1996 .

[38]  B. Latané.  Dynamic Social Impact: The Creation of Culture by Communication. , 1996 .

[39]  Virginia S. Y. Kwan,et al.  Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction: adding relationship harmony to self-esteem. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[40]  Flemming G. Andersen,et al.  David C. Rubin. Memory in Oral Traditions. The Cognitive Psychology of Epic, Ballads, and Counting-out Rhymes , 1997 .

[41]  H. Markus,et al.  Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[42]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  The cultural construction of self-enhancement: an examination of group-serving biases. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[43]  S. Kitayama,et al.  Implicit Self-Esteem in Japan: Name Letters and Birthday Numbers , 1997 .

[44]  H. Mcgregor,et al.  Terror management theory and self-esteem: evidence that increased self-esteem reduces mortality salience effects. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[45]  J. Greenberg,et al.  Terror Management Theory of Self-Esteem and Cultural Worldviews: Empirical Assessments and Conceptual Refinements , 1997 .

[46]  M. Mikulincer,et al.  Fear of death and the judgment of social transgressions: a multidimensional test of terror management theory. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[47]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  Culture, Dissonance, and Self-Affirmation , 1997 .

[48]  M. Hallahan,et al.  It's Not Just Whether You Win Or Lose,It's also Where You Play the Game , 1997 .

[49]  D. Trafimow,et al.  The Effects of Language and Priming on the Relative Accessibility of the Private Self and the Collective Self , 1997 .

[50]  Joel Brockner,et al.  Toward an explanation of cultural differences in in-group favoritism: The role of individual versus collective primacy. , 1998 .

[51]  Janet B. Ruscher,et al.  Prejudice and Stereotyping in Everyday Communication , 1998 .

[52]  Ivy Yee-Man Lau,et al.  Some Cognitive Consequences of Communication , 1998 .

[53]  R. Nisbett,et al.  Situational Salience and Cultural Differences in the Correspondence Bias and Actor-Observer Bias , 1998 .

[54]  Yoshihisa Kashima,et al.  Culture and Language , 1998 .

[55]  H. Triandis,et al.  The Shifting Basis of Life Satisfaction Judgments Across Cultures: Emotions Versus Norms , 1998 .

[56]  Bill Y. P. Tsang,et al.  Lovesongs in the United States and China , 1998 .

[57]  John C. Turner,et al.  When do stereotypes become really consensual? Investigating the group-based dynamics of the consensualization process , 1998 .

[58]  M. Tomasello,et al.  Chimpanzee and Human Cultures , 1998, Current Anthropology.

[59]  M. Tomasello,et al.  Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age. , 1998, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development.

[60]  R. Nisbett,et al.  The cultural matrix of social psychology , 1998 .

[61]  R. Nisbett,et al.  Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction. , 1999 .

[62]  Angela Y. Lee,et al.  “I” Value Freedom, but “We” Value Relationships: Self-Construal Priming Mirrors Cultural Differences in Judgment , 1999 .

[63]  M. Lepper,et al.  Rethinking the value of choice: a cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation. , 1999, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[64]  H. Markus,et al.  Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis. , 1999 .

[65]  Chi-yue Chiu,et al.  Culture and the construal of agency : Attribution to individual versus group dispositions , 1999 .

[66]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Heine, Lehman / Culture and Self-satisfaction Culture, Self-discrepancies, and Self-satisfaction , 2022 .

[67]  A. Kruglanski,et al.  Motivated Search for Common Ground: Need for Closure Effects on Audience Design in Interpersonal Communication , 1999 .

[68]  R. Nisbett,et al.  Causal attribution across cultures: Variation and universality. , 1999 .

[69]  Richard E. Lucas,et al.  Cross-Cultural Variations in Predictors of Life Satisfaction: Perspectives from Needs and Values , 1999 .

[70]  B. Pelham,et al.  Two Roads to Positive Regard: Implicit and Explicit Self-Evaluation and Culture , 1999 .

[71]  D. Sanbonmatsu,et al.  Differences in Self-Effacing Behavior between European and Japanese Americans , 1999 .

[72]  M. Sökefeld.  Debating Self, Identity, and Culture in Anthropology , 1999, Current Anthropology.

[73]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? , 1999, Psychological review.

[74]  J. Tedeschi,et al.  Cultural Values in Conflict Management , 1999 .

[75]  Y. Kashima.  Culture, Groups, and Coordination Problems , 1999 .

[76]  S. Stewart,et al.  Intergenerational Patterns of Values and Autonomy Expectations in Cultures of Relatedness and Separateness , 1999 .

[77]  Lucian Gideon Conway,et al.  Influence of Impression-Management Goals on the Emerging Contents of Group Stereotypes: Support for a Social-Evolutionary Process , 1999 .

[78]  T. Singelis,et al.  Biculturalism and self-construal , 1999 .

[79]  P. Earley,et al.  “How Did I Do?” versus “How Did We Do?” , 1999 .

[80]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  Beyond Self-Presentation: Evidence for Self-Criticism among Japanese , 2000 .

[81]  R. Nisbett,et al.  Cultural psychology of surprise: holistic theories and recognition of contradiction. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[82]  Jodie Woolcock,et al.  Group impressions as dynamic configurations: the tensor product model of group impression formation and change. , 2000, Psychological review.

[83]  Angela Y. Lee,et al.  The pleasures and pains of distinct self-construals: the role of interdependence in regulatory focus. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[84]  Yoshihisa Kashima,et al.  Conceptions of Culture and Person for Psychology , 2000 .

[85]  L. Sparrow.  Beyond multicultural man: complexities of identity , 2000 .

[86]  Yoshihisa Kashima,et al.  Maintaining Cultural Stereotypes in the Serial Reproduction of Narratives , 2000 .

[87]  A. Fiske.  Complementarity Theory: Why Human Social Capacities Evolved to Require Cultural Complements , 2000, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[88]  Michael W. Morris,et al.  Reasons as Carriers of Culture: Dynamic vs. Dispositional Models of Cultural Influence on Decision Making. Рассуждения как носители культуры: динамическая и диспозитная модели культурного влияния на принятие решений , 2000 .

[89]  C. Chiu,et al.  Multicultural minds. A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. , 2000, The American psychologist.

[90]  J. Tsai,et al.  The Meaning of “Being Chinese” and “Being American” , 2000 .

[91]  Michael W. Morris,et al.  How Does Culture Influence Conflict Resolution? A Dynamic Constructive Analysis , 2001 .

[92]  T. Menon,et al.  Motivated cultural cognition: the impact of implicit cultural theories on dispositional attribution varies as a function of need for closure. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[93]  R. Nisbett,et al.  Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[94]  M. Gelfand,et al.  Culture and Social Prediction , 2000 .

[95]  Charles M. Judd,et al.  The Consequences of Communicating Social Stereotypes , 2000 .

[96]  P. Vedder,et al.  Ethnic Identity, Immigration, and Well‐Being: An Interactional Perspective , 2001 .

[97]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  Divergent consequences of success and failure in japan and north america: an investigation of self-improving motivations and malleable selves. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[98]  R. Nisbett,et al.  Culture, Change, and Prediction , 2001, Psychological science.

[99]  R. Nisbett,et al.  Culture and systems of thought: holistic versus analytic cognition. , 2001, Psychological review.

[100]  Kennon M. Sheldon,et al.  A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Avoidance (Relative to Approach) Personal Goals , 2001, Psychological science.

[101]  C. Chiu,et al.  Culture and the Process of Person Perception: Evidence for Automaticity among East Asians in Correcting for Situational Influences on Behavior , 2001 .

[102]  J. Barrett,et al.  Spreading Non-natural Concepts: The Role of Intuitive Conceptual Structures in Memory and Transmission of Cultural Materials ¤ , 2001 .

[103]  D. Cohen.  Cultural variation: considerations and implications. , 2001, Psychological bulletin.

[104]  M. Bourgeois,et al.  Self-organization of alcohol-related attitudes and beliefs in a campus housing complex: an initial investigation. , 2001, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[105]  Chi-yue Chiu,et al.  I KNOW WHAT YOU KNOW: ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT OTHERS' KNOWLEDGE AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MESSAGE CONSTRUCTION , 2001 .

[106]  L. Sanna,et al.  Cultural variations in optimistic and pessimistic bias: do Easterners really expect the worst and Westerners really expect the best when predicting future life events? , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[107]  C. Stangor,et al.  Perceived consensus influences intergroup behavior and stereotype accessibility. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[108]  C. Chiu,et al.  Toward a Paradigm Shift: From Cross-Cultural Differences in Social Cognition to Social-Cognitive Mediation of Cultural Differences , 2001 .

[109]  R. Nisbett,et al.  PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Attending Holistically Versus Analytically: Comparing the Context Sensitivity of Japanese and Americans , 2004 .

[110]  Shigehiro Oishi,et al.  Goals, Culture, and Subjective Well-Being , 2001 .

[111]  Chi-yue Chiu,et al.  Communication and Shared Reality: Implications for the Psychological Foundations of Culture , 2001 .

[112]  Qi Wang,et al.  Culture effects on adults' earliest childhood recollection and self-description: implications for the relation between memory and the self. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[113]  Chi-yue Chiu,et al.  Cultural Identity and Dynamic Construction of the Self: Collective Duties and Individual Rights in Chinese and American Cultures , 2001 .

[114]  R. Harwood,et al.  Feeding Practices and Expectations among Middle-Class Anglo and Puerto Rican Mothers of 12-Month-Old Infants , 2001 .

[115]  H. Markus,et al.  “Who Am I?” The Cultural Psychology of the Conceptual Self , 2001 .

[116]  Jolanda Jetten,et al.  "We're all individuals": Group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification, and identity threat , 2002 .

[117]  J. Kurman.  Self-Enhancement: Is it Restricted to Individualistic Cultures? , 2001 .

[118]  Robert S. Wyer,et al.  Transitory determinants of values and decisions: The utility (or nonutility) of individualism and collectivism in understanding cultural differences. , 2001 .

[119]  Charles Stangor,et al.  Perceived consensus influences intergroup behavior and stereotype accessibility. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[120]  Bernd H. Schmitt,et al.  Culture-Dependent Assimilation and Differentiation of the Self , 2001 .

[121]  Chip Heath,et al.  Emotional selection in memes: the case of urban legends. , 2001 .

[122]  C. Voils,et al.  EFFECTS OF CULTURE AND PROCESSING GOALS ON THE ACTIVATION AND BINDING OF TRAIT CONCEPTS , 2001 .

[123]  S. Kitayama,et al.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Morling Et Al. / Emphasis of Cultural Practices Cultural Practices Emphasize Influence in the United States and Adjustment in Japan , 2022 .

[124]  Chihiro Kobayashi,et al.  Self-enhancement in Japan and America , 2002 .

[125]  M. Ross,et al.  Language and the Bicultural Self , 2002 .

[126]  Heather M. Coon,et al.  Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. , 2002, Psychological bulletin.

[127]  Fiona Lee,et al.  Negotiating Biculturalism , 2002 .

[128]  Jin Li.  A Cultural Model of Learning , 2002 .

[129]  M. Bourgeois.  Heritability of Attitudes Constrains Dynamic Social Impact , 2002 .

[130]  M. Verkuyten,et al.  Biculturalism among Older Children , 2002 .

[131]  D. Cohen,et al.  As Seen by the Other … : Perspectives on the Self in the Memories and Emotional Perceptions of Easterners and Westerners , 2002, Psychological science.

[132]  Jon K. Maner,et al.  Dynamical Evolutionary Psychology: Mapping the Domains of the New Interactionist Paradigm , 2002 .

[133]  S. Oishi,et al.  PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Culture , Personality , and Subjective Well-Being : Integrating Process Models of Life Satisfaction , 2002 .

[134]  Donelson R. Forsyth,et al.  Interdependent Construal of Self and the Endorsement of Conflict Resolution Strategies in Interpersonal, Intergroup, and International Disputes , 2002 .

[135]  Heejung S. Kim,et al.  We talk, therefore we think? A cultural analysis of the effect of talking on thinking. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[136]  R. Nisbett,et al.  Cultural Similarities and Differences in Social Inference: Evidence from Behavioral Predictions and Lay Theories of Behavior , 2002 .

[137]  E. Suh.  Culture, identity consistency, and subjective well-being. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[138]  Shinobu Kitayama,et al.  Culture and basic psychological processes--toward a system view of culture: comment on Oyserman et al. (2002). , 2002, Psychological bulletin.

[139]  A. Fiske.  Using individualism and collectivism to compare cultures--a critique of the validity and measurement of the constructs: comment on Oyserman et al. (2002). , 2002, Psychological bulletin.

[140]  H. Triandis,et al.  Cultural influences on personality. , 2002, Annual review of psychology.

[141]  S. Pinker.  The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature , 2002 .

[142]  A. Bandura.  Social Cognitive Theory in Cultural Context , 2002, Applied Psychology.

[143]  S. Kitayama,et al.  Cultural variation in correspondence bias: the critical role of attitude diagnosticity of socially constrained behavior. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[144]  A. Milne,et al.  When Different Becomes Similar: Compensatory Conformity in Bicultural Visible Minorities , 2002 .

[145]  N. Schwarz,et al.  Is the Interdependent Self More Sensitive to Question Context Than the Independent Self? Self-Construal and the Observation of Conversational Norms☆ , 2002 .

[146]  I. Choi,et al.  Culture and Self-Concept Flexibility , 2002 .

[147]  D. Krebs,et al.  Biological Foundations of Moral Norms , 2002 .

[148]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales?: The reference-group effect. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[149]  Lucian Gideon Conway,et al.  Selective pressures on the once and future contents of ethnic stereotypes: effects of the communicability of traits. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[150]  D. R. Lehman,et al.  Learning considered within a cultural context. Confucian and Socratic approaches. , 2002, The American psychologist.

[151]  Robin R. Vallacher,et al.  The Dynamical Perspective in Personality and Social Psychology , 2002 .

[152]  A. Norenzayan,et al.  Cognitive and Emotional Processes in the Cultural Transmission of Natural and Nonnatural Beliefs , 2003 .

[153]  A. Kruglanski,et al.  Motivated Closed Mindedness and the Emergence of Culture , 2003 .

[154]  Jonathan E. Butner,et al.  Dynamical evolutionary psychology: individual decision rules and emergent social norms. , 2003, Psychological review.

[155]  R. Dalal,et al.  Culture and judgment of causal relevance. , 2003, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[156]  M. Schaller,et al.  The psychological foundations of culture , 2003 .

[157]  Richard E. Lucas,et al.  Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. , 2003, Annual review of psychology.

[158]  H. Markus,et al.  Models of agency: sociocultural diversity in the construction of action. , 2003, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

[159]  Roy J. Eidelson,et al.  Dangerous ideas. Five beliefs that propel groups toward conflict. , 2003, The American psychologist.

[160]  Ying-Yi Hong,et al.  Boundaries of Cultural Influence , 2003 .

[161]  R. Hastie,et al.  The Logic of Social Sharing: An Evolutionary Game Analysis of Adaptive Norm Development , 2003, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[162]  M. Bourgeois,et al.  Cultural Elements Emerge From Dynamic Social Impact , 2004 .

[163]  The Microgenesis of Culture: Serial Reproduction as an Experimental Simulation of Cultural Dynamics. , 2004 .

[164]  Scott Atran,et al.  Religion's evolutionary landscape: Counterintuition, commitment, compassion, communion , 2004, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.