Future developments in vehicle-to-grid technologies

Abstract The concept of smart city is a multifarious of seven fundamental features: smart policies, smart governance, smart people, smart science and technology, smart environment, smart living, and smart built environment. Within the concepts of smart science and technology, smart environment, and smart built environment, the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology can be categorized. Since these characteristics of a smart city include subcategories, which consider Sci-Tec research and development, sustainable and safe transport systems, inter/national connectivity infrastructure, sustainable resources management, sustainable/green energy resources, Hi-Tec construction technology, and advance building technology. The smart city, status, and goals depend on each particular case, and each particular city features. These goals are measured by means of indicators, which are based on existing urban and building infrastructure, resources, codes, standards, and regulations. The smart-city model, proposed in PAS 182:2014, is intended to create a data-driven city, integrating city systems, with operational independence and operational efficiency. The modern infrastructure should be versatile, diversified, normalized, and its physical components may vary. In such way, there should be a clear strategy of balancing the development of existing and emerging or planned infrastructure. In order to achieve the goals and objectives of the smart-city planning, multidisciplinary teams should work together (engineers, architects, politicians, planning authorities, etc.), which final outcome should be an integrated economics, urban planning, architectural design, and sustainable construction. The main focus of this chapter is to put in context the previous developments made in V2G technologies as well as their considerations, constrains, and advantages—to take them as a starting point for future research topics related to the methods, simulations, and analysis presented in this document.