Measuring Attitudes in Research on Residential Self‐Selection and Travel Behaviour: A Review of Theories and Empirical Research

Abstract Empirical studies that include travel‐related attitudes to identify the role of residential self‐selection in the relationship between the built environment and travel behaviour display a wide variety in the type of attitudes that they include, the relationships between the variables that they analyse and the ways they measure attitude. This paper discusses what theories on attitudes and behaviour can contribute to examining the role of self‐selection and reviews those studies on residential self‐selection and travel behaviour that explicitly include attitudes. Although several studies state that residential self‐selection is accounted for by the inclusion of attitudes, the complexity of the inclusion and the measurement of attitudes often leads to an underestimation of the role of residential self‐selection. Because of their relevance to the reliability of results, the options for measuring travel‐related attitudes are also discussed. When attitudes are included in questionnaires, it is essential to consider reliability, efficiency, response and the number of variables.

[1]  Joan L. Walker,et al.  Integration of Choice and Latent Variable Models , 1999 .

[2]  S. Schwartz,et al.  A Normative Decision Making Model of Altruism , 1981 .

[3]  P. Mokhtarian,et al.  Do changes in neighborhood characteristics lead to changes in travel behavior? A structural equations modeling approach , 2007 .

[4]  B. Saelens,et al.  Stepping towards causation: do built environments or neighborhood and travel preferences explain physical activity, driving, and obesity? , 2007, Social science & medicine.

[5]  R. Kitamura,et al.  A micro-analysis of land use and travel in five neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay Area , 1997 .

[6]  Linda Steg,et al.  Car use: lust and must. Instrumental, symbolic and affective motives for car use , 2005 .

[7]  Charles Abraham,et al.  Psychological correlates of car use: A meta-analysis , 2008 .

[8]  S. Chaiken,et al.  The psychology of attitudes. , 1993 .

[9]  H C Triandis,et al.  Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior. , 1980, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

[10]  G. Carrus,et al.  Emotions, habits and rational choices in ecological behaviours: The case of recycling and use of public transportation , 2008 .

[11]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Choice of Travel Mode in the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Roles of Past Behavior, Habit, and Reasoned Action , 2003 .

[12]  Jae-On Kim,et al.  Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and Practical Issues , 1978 .

[13]  J. Brug,et al.  Neighbourhood inequalities in physical inactivity: the role of neighbourhood attractiveness, proximity to local facilities and safety in the Netherlands. , 2005, Social science & medicine.

[14]  I. Ajzen.  Constructing a TpB Questionnaire: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations , 2002 .

[15]  M. Perugini,et al.  The role of desires and anticipated emotions in goal-directed behaviours: broadening and deepening the theory of planned behaviour. , 2001, The British journal of social psychology.

[16]  Reid Ewing,et al.  Travel and the Built Environment: A Synthesis , 2001 .

[17]  Xinyu Cao,et al.  Examining the Impacts of Residential Self‐Selection on Travel Behaviour: A Focus on Empirical Findings , 2009 .

[18]  Patricia L. Mokhtarian,et al.  What Affects Commute Mode Choice: Neighborhood Physical Structure or Preferences Toward Neighborhoods? , 2005 .

[19]  L. Festinger,et al.  A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance , 2017 .

[20]  M. Baucus.  Transportation Research Board , 1982 .

[21]  Arnim H. Meyburg,et al.  New horizons in travel behaviour research , 1981 .

[22]  Chandra R. Bhat,et al.  A Comprehensive Analysis of Built Environment Characteristics on Household Residential Choice and Auto Ownership Levels , 2007 .

[23]  T. Gärling,et al.  Chapter 11 Psychological Explanations of Participation in Everyday Activities , 1993 .

[24]  Marco Perugini,et al.  Predicting and understanding behavioral volitions: the interplay between goals and behaviors , 2000 .

[25]  H. Dittmar.  The social psychology of material possessions: To have is to be , 1992 .

[26]  Timothy D. Wilson,et al.  Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. , 1977 .

[27]  Petter Næss.  Residential location affects travel behavior: but how and why? the case of Copenhagen metropolitan area , 2005 .

[28]  T Morikawa,et al.  DISCRETE CHOICE MODELS WITH LATENT VARIABLES USING SUBJECTIVE DATA (CHAPTER 24 OF TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH: UPDATING THE STATE OF PLAY) , 1998 .

[29]  B. Verplanken,et al.  Habit, information acquisition, and the process of making travel mode choices , 1997 .

[30]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research , 1977 .

[31]  Susan L Handy,et al.  Correlation or causality between the built environment and travel behavior? Evidence from Northern California , 2005 .

[32]  安川 文明,et al.  予防歯科プログラムの選考に関する Discrete Choice Analysis , 2002 .

[33]  M. Dijst,et al.  A Comparative Study of Attitude Theory and other Theoretical Models for Understanding Travel Behaviour , 2008 .

[34]  Joop van der Pligt,et al.  Belief Importance in Expectancy-Value Models of Attitudes , 1998 .

[35]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. , 1977 .

[36]  M. Conner,et al.  The Theory of Planned Behaviour , 2004 .

[37]  Petter Næss.  Residential Self‐Selection and Appropriate Control Variables in Land Use: Travel Studies , 2009 .

[38]  K. Krizek.  Residential Relocation and Changes in Urban Travel: Does Neighborhood-Scale Urban Form Matter? , 2003 .

[39]  Jillian Leigh Anable.  Mobility management in the leisure sector : the application, psychological theory and behavioural segmentation , 2002 .

[40]  M. Dijst,et al.  Urban Form and Travel Behaviour: Micro-level Household Attributes and Residential Context , 2002 .

[41]  Xinyu Cao,et al.  Examining the impacts of residential self-selection on travel behavior: A focus on methodologies , 2008 .

[42]  B. van Wee.  Self‐Selection: A Key to a Better Understanding of Location Choices, Travel Behaviour and Transport Externalities? , 2009 .

[43]  P. Mokhtarian,et al.  Self-Selection in the Relationship between the Built Environment and Walking: Empirical Evidence from Northern California , 2006 .

[44]  Susan L Handy,et al.  The Influences of the Built Environment and Residential Self-Selection on Pedestrian Behavior: Evidence from Austin, TX , 2005 .

[45]  A. Khattak,et al.  Travel behavior in neo-traditional neighborhood developments: A case study in USA , 2005 .

[46]  L. Steg.  CAR USE: LUST AND MUST , 2001 .

[47]  B. Wee,et al.  Preferences for modes, residental location and travel behaviour : The relevance for land-use impacts on mobility , 2002 .

[48]  P. Mokhtarian,et al.  Attitudes toward travel and land use and choice of residential neighborhood type: Evidence from the San Francisco bay area , 2007 .

[49]  Duane T. Wegener,et al.  Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. , 1999 .

[50]  Harry Timmermans,et al.  Accessibility considerations in residential choice decisions: accumulated evidence from the Benelux , 2003 .

[51]  Rex B. Kline,et al.  Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling , 1998 .

[52]  P. Mokhtarian,et al.  What if you live in the wrong neighborhood? The impact of residential neighborhood type dissonance on distance traveled , 2005 .

[53]  Marco Perugini,et al.  The distinction between desires and intentions , 2004 .

[54]  Petter Næss.  Accessibility, Activity Participation and Location of Activities: Exploring the Links between Residential Location and Travel Behaviour , 2006 .

[55]  J. Scheiner,et al.  Travel mode choice: affected by objective or subjective determinants? , 2007 .

[56]  F. Floyd,et al.  Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. , 1995 .

[57]  Lothlorien S. Redmond.  Identifying and Analyzing Travel-Related Attitudinal, Personality, and Lifestyle Clusters in the San Francisco Bay Area , 2000 .

[58]  J. M. Kittross.  The measurement of meaning , 1959 .

[59]  Michael N. Bagley,et al.  The impact of residential neighborhood type on travel behavior: A structural equations modeling approach , 2001 .

[60]  Susan L Handy,et al.  Examining The Impacts of Residential Self-Selection on Travel Behavior: Methodologies and Empirical Findings , 2008 .

[61]  Tommy Gärling,et al.  People's beliefs and values as determinants of housing preferences and simulated choices , 1988 .