15. Reproductive Characteristics and Effects of Temperature and Salinity on the Development and Survival of Eggs and Larvae of Arctic Cod (Boreogadus saida)

In the summers of 1991 and 1992, live Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) captured by bottom trawling south of St. Lawrence Island were transported to a laboratory at Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan, when they were maintained in a small aquarium at -0.2 to 3.0·C until they spawned or were used for artificial fertilization. The embryonic development and survival of larvae were examined at five temperatures (-1.0 to 9.0·C) at 32-33 psu and six salinities (3.3 to 62.6 psu) at ISC. Female released all ripe eggs during spawning. Eggs were non­ adhesive, pelagic and ranged in diameter from 1.5-1.7 mm. Most spawned females and males stopped feeding, weakened and died, but a few survived and spawned again one year later. Normal embryonic development occurred between -1.5 and 3.0·C, with highest embryonic survival rates (> 65%) occurring between 0.5 and 3.0·C. The number of days to 50% hatching were 75 at -1.0·C, 44 at ISC, and 35 at 3.0·C. At ISC, normal embryonic development occurred at salinities between 12.9 and 51.6 psu, with highest survival rates (>70%) occurring at 32.1 and 40.8 psu, and lowest survival rates «20%) occurring at 12.9, 22.5, and 51.6 psu. Newly hatched larvae survived longer at temperatures below OSC and at a wide range of salinities from 12.9 to 40.8 psu.

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