Magnetoelectric and multiferroic media

The last decade has witnessed a significant growth of research into materials with coupled magnetic and electric properties. Reviewed here are the main types and mechanisms of magnetoelectric interactions and conditions of their origin. Special attention is given to potentially practical materials that display magnetoelectric properties at room temperature. Example applications of magnetoelectric materials and multiferroics in information and energy saving technologies are discussed.

[1]  Landau theory of domain wall magnetoelectricity , 2010, 1002.3819.

[2]  G. A. Smolenskii,et al.  REVIEWS OF TOPICAL PROBLEMS: Ferroelectromagnets , 1982 .

[3]  M. V. Sadovskii.  Pseudogap in high-temperature superconductors , 2001 .

[4]  A. Zvezdin,et al.  Magnetoelectric effects in gadolinium iron borate GdFe3(BO3)4 , 2005 .

[5]  E. Popova,et al.  Cascade of phase transitions in GdFe3(BO3)4 , 2004 .

[6]  Y. Gulyaev,et al.  Spin wave acoustics of antiferromagnetic structures as magnetoacoustic metamaterials , 2011 .

[7]  Maxim Mostovoy,et al.  Ferroelectricity in spiral magnets. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[8]  Xiong Wang,et al.  Enhanced visible-light-response photocatalytic activity of bismuth ferrite nanoparticles , 2011 .

[9]  A. Zvezdin,et al.  LINEAR MAGNETOELECTRIC EFFECT AND PHASE-TRANSITIONS IN BISMUTH FERRITE, BIFEO3 , 1993 .

[10]  Non-volatile ferroelectric control of ferromagnetism in (Ga,Mn)As. , 2008, Nature materials.

[11]  Spintronics: manganite-based magnetic tunnel structures , 2012 .

[12]  H. Walker,et al.  Femtoscale Magnetically Induced Lattice Distortions in Multiferroic TbMnO3 , 2011, Science.

[13]  E. O. Kamenetskii,et al.  Tellegen particles and magnetoelectric metamaterials , 2009 .

[14]  V. Nagarajan,et al.  Combinatorial discovery of a lead-free morphotropic phase boundary in a thin-film piezoelectric perovskite , 2008 .

[15]  C. L. Zhang,et al.  Cross-control of magnetization and polarization by electric and magnetic fields with competing multiferroic and weak-ferromagnetic phases. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[16]  V. V. Nikolaev,et al.  New physical phenomena caused by magnetoelectric and antiferroelectric interactions in magnets , 2005 .

[17]  C. Nan,et al.  Integration of BiFeO3 thin films on Si wafer via a simple sol–gel method , 2009 .

[18]  U. V. Waghmare,et al.  First-principles study of spontaneous polarization in multiferroic BiFeO 3 , 2005 .

[19]  L. E. Cross,et al.  Destruction of spin cycloid in (111)c-oriented BiFeO3 thin films by epitiaxial constraint: Enhanced polarization and release of latent magnetization , 2005 .

[20]  V. M. Dubovik,et al.  Toroid moments in electrodynamics and solid-state physics , 1990 .

[21]  Y. Uesu,et al.  SHG Microscope Observations of Domain Structures of Multiferroic BiFeO3 Single Crystal , 2010 .

[22]  Roman V. Pisarev,et al.  Domain topography of antiferromagnetic Cr2O3 by second‐harmonic generation , 1995 .

[23]  Peter Maksymovych,et al.  Dynamic conductivity of ferroelectric domain walls in BiFeO₃. , 2011, Nano letters.

[24]  C. Nan,et al.  A simple bilayered magnetoelectric random access memory cell based on electric-field controllable domain structure , 2010 .

[25]  Joel E Moore,et al.  The birth of topological insulators , 2010, Nature.

[26]  Nicola A. Spaldin,et al.  Towards a microscopic theory of toroidal moments in bulk periodic crystals , 2007, 0706.1974.

[27]  A. Loidl,et al.  Possible evidence for electromagnons in multiferroic manganites , 2006, cond-mat/0602173.

[28]  S. Or,et al.  Enhanced piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects in single-phase multiferroic Bi1−xNdxFeO3 (x=0–0.15) ceramics , 2006 .

[29]  Masao Kondo,et al.  New ferroelectric material for embedded FRAM LSIs , 2007 .

[30]  G. Rado.  Mechanism of the Magnetoelectric Effect in an Antiferromagnet , 1961 .

[31]  K. Kamentsev,et al.  Low-frequency magnetoelectric effect in a Galfenol-PZT planar composite structure , 2009 .

[32]  Z. Dai,et al.  Dielectric properties and heating effect of multiferroic BiFeO3 suspension , 2011 .

[33]  M. Wuttig,et al.  Microstructure and phase control in Bi–Fe–O multiferroic nanocomposite thin films , 2006 .

[34]  C. Nan,et al.  Multiferroic Magnetoelectric Composites: Historical Perspective, Status, and Future Directions , 2008, Progress in Advanced Dielectrics.

[35]  Nicola A. Spaldin,et al.  Weak ferromagnetism and magnetoelectric coupling in bismuth ferrite , 2005 .

[36]  I. Dzyaloshinskiǐ.  Magnetoelectricity in ferromagnets , 2008 .

[37]  V. V. Nikolaev,et al.  Unusual acoustic birefringence phenomena in antiferromagnets , 2002 .

[38]  H. Tsuda,et al.  Improvement of magnetization and leakage current properties of magnetoelectric BaFeO3 thin films by Zr substitution , 2005 .

[39]  Y. Kudasov,et al.  Frustrated lattices of Ising chains , 2012 .

[40]  L. Bezmaternykh,et al.  Magnetoelectric and magnetoelastic properties of rare-earth ferroborates , 2010 .

[41]  Junling Wang,et al.  Epitaxial BiFeO3 thin films on Si , 2004 .

[42]  A. S. Logginov,et al.  Magnetically switched electric polarity of domain walls in iron garnet films , 2011 .

[43]  A. P. Pyatakov,et al.  Magnetic anisotropy and magnetoelectric properties of Tb1 − xErxFe3(BO3)4 ferroborates , 2009 .

[44]  V. A. Timofeeva,et al.  Linear magnetostriction and magneto-electric effect in piezoelectric Ga2-xFexO3 , 1997 .

[45]  M. Fiebig,et al.  Observation of coupled magnetic and electric domains , 2002, Nature.

[46]  R. D. Sousa,et al.  Electrical control of magnon propagation in multiferroic BiFeO3 films , 2008, 0801.3012.

[47]  O.L.Ermolaeva,et al.  Antivortex state in crosslike nanomagnets , 2009, 0909.5134.

[48]  M. Blamire,et al.  Greatly reduced leakage current and conduction mechanism in aliovalent-ion-doped BiFeO3 , 2005 .

[49]  D. Parsons,et al.  Linear magnetoelectric effect in Cr2O3 in strong magnetic fields , 1992 .

[50]  A. F. Andreev,et al.  REVIEWS OF TOPICAL PROBLEMS: Symmetry and the macroscopic dynamics of magnetic materials , 1980 .

[51]  Nicola A. Hill,et al.  Why Are There so Few Magnetic Ferroelectrics , 2000 .

[52]  G. Srinivasan,et al.  Electric field tuning characteristics of a ferrite-piezoelectric microwave resonator , 2006 .

[53]  G. Srinivasan,et al.  Inverse magnetoelectric effect in ferrite-piezoelectric structures , 2010 .

[54]  A. I. Popov,et al.  Anapole moment and spin-electric interactions in rare-earth nanoclusters , 2009 .

[55]  J. Rondinelli,et al.  Carrier-mediated magnetoelectricity in complex oxide heterostructures. , 2007, Nature nanotechnology.

[56]  M. Fiebig.  Revival of the magnetoelectric effect , 2005 .

[57]  G. Carman,et al.  Reversible magnetic domain-wall motion under an electric field in a magnetoelectric thin film , 2008 .

[58]  Guslienko Ky,et al.  Magnetic vortex state stability, reversal and dynamics in restricted geometries. , 2008 .

[59]  D. Viehland,et al.  Multiferroic properties of modified BiFeO3-PbTiO3-based ceramics: Random-field induced release of latent magnetization and polarization , 2005 .

[60]  M. Fiebig,et al.  Second harmonic generation on incommensurate structures: The case of multiferroic MnWO4 , 2010, 1008.2864.

[61]  V. R. Palkar,et al.  Observation of magnetoelectric coupling in Bi0.7Dy0.3FeO3 thin films at room temperature , 2008 .

[62]  T. Murzina,et al.  BiFeO3 thin films prepared using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition , 2007 .

[63]  M. Mochizuki,et al.  Dynamics of multiferroic domain wall in spin-cycloidal ferroelectric DyMnO3. , 2009, Physical Review Letters.

[64]  S. Dong,et al.  Vortex magnetic field sensor based on ring-type magnetoelectric laminate , 2004 .

[65]  Xiaomei Lu,et al.  Room-temperature multiferroic properties in NiBi2O4 , 2010 .

[66]  Strain-induced effects in phase transitions in thin films of multiferroic BiFeO3 probed by optical second-harmonic generation , 2007 .

[67]  Zhifeng Ren,et al.  Multiferroicity: the coupling between magnetic and polarization orders , 2009, 0908.0662.

[68]  M. Fiebig,et al.  Observation of ferrotoroidic domains , 2007, Nature.

[69]  G. Srinivasan,et al.  Low-frequency nonlinear magnetoelectric effects in a ferrite-piezoelectric multilayer , 2006 .

[70]  T. Sritharan,et al.  Bismuth replacement by samarium in strontium bismuth niobate and its multiferroic nature , 2005 .

[71]  Christian Binek,et al.  Magnetoelectric switching of exchange bias. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[72]  S. Cheong,et al.  Multiferroics: a magnetic twist for ferroelectricity. , 2007, Nature materials.

[73]  M. Kawasaki,et al.  Nonlinear magneto-optical kerr rotation of an oxide superlattice with artificially broken symmetry , 2003, InternationalQuantum Electronics Conference, 2004. (IQEC)..

[74]  A. Goltsev,et al.  Structure and interaction of antiferromagnetic domain walls in hexagonal YMnO3. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[75]  T. O'dell.  The Electrodynamics Of Magneto-Electric Media , 1970 .

[76]  Sergei V. Kalinin,et al.  Conduction at domain walls in oxide multiferroics. , 2009, Nature Materials.

[77]  J. Berakdar,et al.  Multiferroic oxides-based flash memory and spin-field-effect transistor , 2009, 0906.4210.

[78]  A. A. Frolov,et al.  Composition-induced transition of spin-modulated structure into a uniform antiferromagnetic state in a Bi1−xLaxFeO3 system studied using 57Fe NMR , 2003 .

[79]  Ashok Kumar,et al.  Electric control of magnon frequencies and magnetic moment of bismuth ferrite thin films at room temperature. , 2011, Applied physics letters.

[80]  B. Raveau,et al.  Growth of multiferroic superlattices , 2006 .

[81]  M. Bibes,et al.  Influence of parasitic phases on the properties of BiFeO3 epitaxial thin films , 2005, cond-mat/0504631.

[82]  A. Fert,et al.  Tunnel junctions with multiferroic barriers. , 2007, Nature materials.

[83]  O. Aktsipetrov,et al.  NONLINEAR OPTICS: Nonlinear optics of gyrotropic media: second harmonic generation in rare-earth iron garnets , 1990 .

[84]  Y. Kitagawa,et al.  Low-field magnetoelectric effect at room temperature. , 2010, Nature materials.

[85]  David Berry,et al.  An Extremely Low Equivalent Magnetic Noise Magnetoelectric Sensor , 2011, Advanced materials.

[86]  Y. Kopaev,et al.  Charge and spin topological insulators , 2011 .

[87]  V. Struzhkin,et al.  High-spin-low-spin transition and the sequence of the phase transformations in the BiFeO3 crystal at high pressures , 2008 .

[88]  M. Helm,et al.  Near-field examination of perovskite-based superlenses and superlens-enhanced probe-object coupling , 2011, Nature communications.

[89]  Flexomagnetoelectric effect in bismuth ferrite , 2008, 0811.3677.

[90]  Amnon Aharony,et al.  Effect of inversion symmetry on the incommensurate order in multiferroic R Mn 2 O 5 ( R = rare earth) , 2008, 0803.0945.

[91]  S. Ghosh,et al.  Erratum: "Damped Dust Lattice Shock Wave in a Strongly Coupled Complex (Dusty) Plasma," Pis'ma Zh. Éksp. Teor. Fiz . 87, 331 (2008) ( JETP Lett . 87, 281 (2008)) , 2008 .

[92]  Dmitri E. Nikonov,et al.  Electric-field-induced magnetization reversal in a ferromagnet-multiferroic heterostructure. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[93]  Spin-wave electrodynamics of the interface between a magnetoelectric multiferroic and a nonmagnetic insulator , 2012 .

[94]  K. Kugel,et al.  The Jahn-Teller effect and magnetism: transition metal compounds , 1982 .

[95]  Features of magnetization reversal in trilayer nanostructures , 2000 .

[96]  Hans Schmid,et al.  Multi-ferroic magnetoelectrics , 1994 .

[97]  Y. Tokura,et al.  Ferroelectricity and giant magnetocapacitance in perovskite rare-earth manganites. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[98]  P Shafer,et al.  Above-bandgap voltages from ferroelectric photovoltaic devices. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[99]  H. Da,et al.  Voltage-controlled Kerr effect in magnetophotonic crystal. , 2009, Optics letters.

[100]  F. Keffer.  MORIYA INTERACTION AND THE PROBLEM OF THE SPIN ARRANGEMENTS IN /cap beta/ MnS , 1962 .

[101]  R. Pisarev,et al.  Giant linear magnetoelectric effect in garnet ferrite films , 1989 .

[102]  Y. Tokura,et al.  Low-Magnetic-Field Control of Electric Polarization Vector in a Helimagnet , 2008, Science.

[103]  A. Loidl,et al.  Terahertz spectroscopy and the magnetoelectric properties of manganite-based multiferroics , 2009 .

[104]  Silvia Picozzi,et al.  First principles studies of multiferroic materials , 2009, Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal.

[105]  A. A. Frolov,et al.  57Fe NMR study of a spatially modulated magnetic structure in BiFeO3 , 2000 .

[106]  M. Bibes,et al.  Multiferroics: towards a magnetoelectric memory. , 2008, Nature materials.

[107]  P. Debye.  Bemerkung zu einigen neuen Versuchen über einen magneto-elektrischen Richteffekt , 1926 .

[108]  S. Fusil,et al.  Room-temperature coexistence of large electric polarization and magnetic order in Bi Fe O 3 single crystals , 2007, 0706.0404.

[109]  D. Viehland,et al.  Direct measurement of magnetoelectric exchange in self-assembled epitaxial BiFeO3–CoFe2O4 nanocomposite thin films , 2009 .

[110]  R. Ramesh,et al.  Multiferroics: progress and prospects in thin films. , 2007, Nature materials.

[111]  H. Schmid,et al.  Structure of a ferroelectric and ferroelastic monodomain crystal of the perovskite BiFeO3 , 1990 .

[112]  Boris A. Ivanov,et al.  Dynamics of domain walls in weak ferromagnets , 1985 .

[113]  G. Gehring.  On the microscopic theory of the magnetoelectric effect , 1994 .

[114]  A. P. Pyatakov,et al.  Magnetoelectric and magnetoelastic interactions in NdFe3(BO3)4 multiferroics , 2006 .

[115]  Timothy C. Green,et al.  Energy Harvesting From Human and Machine Motion for Wireless Electronic Devices , 2008, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[116]  E. Dagotto,et al.  Role of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in multiferroic perovskites , 2005, cond-mat/0508075.

[117]  Tsuyoshi Kimura,et al.  Spiral Magnets as Magnetoelectrics , 2007 .

[118]  A. Zvezdin,et al.  Discovery of the linear magnetoelectric effect in magnetic ferroelectric BiFeo3 in a strong magnetic field , 1994 .

[119]  I. Chupis.  Progress in studying ferroelectromagnetic crystals , 2010 .

[120]  C. Ong,et al.  BiFeO3 film deposited on Si substrate buffered with La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 electrode , 2006 .

[121]  V. Temerov,et al.  Magnetic ordering of NdFe3(BO3)4 studied by infrared absorption spectroscopy , 2004 .

[122]  V. M. Skorikov,et al.  BiFeO3 films and single crystals as a promising inorganic material for spintronics , 2010 .

[123]  P. Bouvier,et al.  Effect of high pressure on multiferroic BiFeO 3 , 2008, 0811.0047.

[124]  Bennett clocking of nanomagnetic logic using electrically induced rotation of magnetization in multiferroic single-domain nanomagnets , 2010, 1005.5358.

[125]  R. Newnham,et al.  Magnetoferroelectricity in Cr2BeO4 , 1978 .

[126]  R. Blinc,et al.  Multiferroic magnetoelectric fluorides: why are there so many magnetic ferroelectrics? , 2011, Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal.

[127]  W. Cao,et al.  Room-temperature magnetoelectric coupling in Bi4(Ti1Fe2)O12−δ system , 2010 .

[128]  D. V. Belov,et al.  Magnetoelectric interactions and induced toroidal ordering in Cr2O3 , 2001 .

[129]  S. Khlebnikov.  “Josephson effect in thin films: The role of vortex excitations” Pis’ma Zh. Éksp. Teor. Fiz. 85, 74 (2007) [JETP Lett. 85, 67 (2007)] , 2007 .

[130]  C. Binek,et al.  Magnetoelectronics with magnetoelectrics , 2005 .

[131]  James F. Scott,et al.  Domain wall nanoelectronics , 2012 .

[132]  F. Wilczek,et al.  Two applications of axion electrodynamics. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[133]  N. Sluchanko,et al.  Comments on “magnetic phase separation in Europium hexaboride and its relation to the Kondo interaction” by T. S. Al’tshuler et al., Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 88, 258 (2008) [JETP Lett. 88, 224 (2008)] , 2008 .

[134]  V. Palkar,et al.  Observation of room-temperature magnetoelectric coupling in pulsed-laser-deposited Bi0.6Tb0.3La0.1FeO3 thin films , 2004 .

[135]  Yoshinori Tokura,et al.  Multiferroics with Spiral Spin Orders , 2010, Advanced materials.

[136]  K. Kumagai,et al.  Helical magnetic structure in a quasi-one-dimensional LiCu2O2 multiferroic crystal according to 63,65Cu NMR studies , 2010 .

[137]  Magnetoelectric control of domain walls in a ferrite garnet film , 2007, 0801.4073.

[138]  I. Mertig,et al.  Structural secrets of multiferroic interfaces. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[139]  A. Sigov,et al.  Mössbauer effect study of Bi0.8La0.2FeO3 multiferroic on 57Fe nuclei , 2012 .

[140]  L. Bezmaternykh,et al.  Antiferromagnetic resonance and phase diagrams of gadolinium ferroborate GdFe3(BO3)4 , 2004 .

[141]  Sergei V. Kalinin,et al.  Electric modulation of conduction in multiferroic Ca-doped BiFeO3 films. , 2009, Nature materials.

[142]  D. Kundys,et al.  Light-induced size changes in BiFeO3 crystals. , 2010, Nature materials.

[143]  Dmitri E. Nikonov,et al.  Magnetoelectric spin wave amplifier for spin wave logic circuits , 2009 .

[144]  I. Sosnowska,et al.  Low-temperature evolution of the modulated magnetic structure in the ferroelectric antiferromagnet BiFeO 3 , 2011 .

[145]  A. P. Pyatakov,et al.  CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIA: Phase transitions and the giant magnetoelectric effect in multiferroics , 2004 .

[146]  Electrical manipulation of magnetic anisotropy in the composite of liquid crystals and ferromagnetic nanorods , 2008 .

[147]  S. Datta,et al.  Electronic analog of the electro‐optic modulator , 1990 .

[148]  T. Zhou,et al.  Manipulation of magnetism by electrical field in a real recording system , 2010 .

[149]  A. S. Logginov,et al.  Multiferroics: Promising materials for microelectronics, spintronics, and sensor technique , 2007 .

[150]  M. Matsubara,et al.  Optical magnetoelectric effect in the polar GaFeO3 ferrimagnet. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[151]  G. Srinivasan,et al.  Ferrite-Piezoelectric Multilayers for Magnetic Field Sensors , 2006, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[152]  A. P. Pyatakov,et al.  Effect of the electric field on “incommensurate-commensurate” magnetic phase transitions in BiFeO3-type multiferroics , 2006 .

[153]  A Gloter,et al.  Interface-induced room-temperature multiferroicity in BaTiO₃. , 2011, Nature materials.

[154]  K. Delaney,et al.  Superexchange-driven magnetoelectricity in magnetic vortices. , 2008, Physical review letters.

[155]  K. Kugel,et al.  REVIEWS OF TOPICAL PROBLEMS: Inhomogeneous charge distributions and phase separation in manganites , 2001 .

[156]  M. Tretyakov,et al.  Comments on the paper “Detection of the Absorption Spectra of Water Clusters under Atmospheric Conditions” , 2010 .

[157]  E. Nagaev.  Phase separation in high-temperature superconductors and related magnetic systems , 1995 .

[158]  M. Inoue,et al.  Novel magnetophotonic crystals controlled by the electro-optic effect for non-reciprocal high-speed modulators , 2011 .

[159]  Electric Control of Spin Helicity in a Magnetic Ferroelectric , 2007 .

[160]  E Steichele,et al.  Spiral magnetic ordering in bismuth ferrite , 1982 .

[161]  M. Blamire,et al.  Comment on "Epitaxial BiFeO3 Multiferroic Thin Film Heterostructures" , 2005, Science.

[162]  H. Béa,et al.  Multiferroics: A way forward along domain walls. , 2009, Nature materials.

[163]  M. Azuma,et al.  High-Field Study of Strong Magnetoelectric Coupling in Single-Domain Crystals of BiFeO3 , 2010 .

[164]  Symmetry theory of the flexomagnetoelectric effect in the Bloch lines , 2011, 1109.0531.

[165]  M. Popova.  Optical spectroscopy of low-dimensional rare-earth iron borates , 2009 .

[166]  A. Mukhin,et al.  On the effect of inhomogeneous magnetoelectric (flexomagnetoelectric) interaction on the spectrum and properties of magnons in multiferroics , 2009 .

[167]  A. Zvezdin,et al.  Space-time parity violation and magnetoelectric interactions in antiferromagnets , 2004, cond-mat/0412318.

[168]  Y. Kopaev.  Toroidal ordering in crystals , 2009 .

[169]  C. Nan,et al.  Recent Progress in Multiferroic Magnetoelectric Composites: from Bulk to Thin Films , 2011, Advanced materials.

[170]  CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIA: Inhomogeneous magnetoelectric interaction in multiferroics and related new physical effects , 2009 .

[171]  Junling Wang,et al.  Dramatically enhanced polarization in (001), (101), and (111) BiFeO3 thin films due to epitiaxial-induced transitions , 2004 .

[172]  R. Pisarev,et al.  Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy of the Two-Order-Parameter Compound YMnO3 , 1998 .

[173]  Jayasimha Atulasimha,et al.  Hybrid spintronics and straintronics: A magnetic technology for ultra low energy computing and signal processing , 2011, 1101.2222.

[174]  T. Zhao,et al.  Electrical control of antiferromagnetic domains in multiferroic BiFeO3 films at room temperature , 2006, Nature materials.

[175]  J. Kanamori,et al.  Origin of Magnetoelectric Effect in Cr2O3 , 1961 .

[176]  Ping Li,et al.  A magnetoelectric energy harvester and management circuit for wireless sensor network , 2010 .

[177]  Electric field control of micromagnetic structure , 2007 .

[178]  Jürgen Schubert,et al.  A strong ferroelectric ferromagnet created by means of spin–lattice coupling , 2010, Nature.

[179]  S. Dong,et al.  Detection of pico-Tesla magnetic fields using magneto-electric sensors at room temperature , 2006 .

[180]  M. Cazayous,et al.  Electric-field control of spin waves at room temperature in multiferroic BiFeO3. , 2010, Nature materials.

[181]  Tao Wu,et al.  Electrical control of reversible and permanent magnetization reorientation for magnetoelectric memory devices , 2011 .

[182]  D. V. Belov,et al.  Magnetoelectric effect in the spin-flop phase of Cr2O3 and the problem of determining the magnetic structure , 1993 .

[183]  T. Palstra,et al.  Magnetic and magnetoelectric properties of Ho2BaNiO5 , 2007 .

[184]  S. Heinze,et al.  Chiral magnetic order at surfaces driven by inversion asymmetry , 2007, Nature.

[185]  R. Pinto,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of a novel magnetoelectric multiferroic MEMS cantilevers on Si , 2011 .

[186]  V. Zinenko,et al.  Lattice dynamics of BiFeO3: The untypical behavior of the ferroelectric instability under hydrostatic pressure , 2008 .

[187]  Ashok Kumar,et al.  Investigation on (Sr,Co)Bi2Nb2O9 thin films: A lead‐free room temperature multiferroics , 2010 .

[188]  Jinlong Gao,et al.  Electric control of magnetism at room temperature , 2012, Scientific Reports.

[189]  M. Mochizuki,et al.  Theoretically predicted picosecond optical switching of spin chirality in multiferroics. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[190]  Gigantic enhancement of magnetochiral effect in photonic crystals , 2005, cond-mat/0503066.

[191]  S. Parkin,et al.  Magnetic Domain-Wall Racetrack Memory , 2008, Science.

[192]  A. Tagantsev.  REVIEWS OF TOPICAL PROBLEMS: Pyroelectric, piezoelectric, flexoelectric, and thermal polarization effects in ionic crystals , 1987 .

[193]  Theo Rasing,et al.  Observation of a Transversal Nonlinear Magneto-Optical Effect in Thin Magnetic Garnet Films , 1997 .

[194]  Robert Gerson,et al.  Dielectric hysteresis in single crystal BiFeO3 , 1970 .

[195]  H. Mao,et al.  Phase transition with suppression of magnetism in BiFeO3 at high pressure , 2005 .

[196]  Yuanhua Lin,et al.  A novel frequency multiplier based on magnetoelectric laminate , 2011 .

[197]  A. Aharony,et al.  Order parameters and phase diagrams of multiferroics , 2008, 0804.3039.

[198]  S. M. Stishov,et al.  Itinerant helimagnet MnSi , 2011 .

[199]  O. Aktsipetrov.  Surface nonlinear optics and nonlinear magneto-optics at Moscow State University [Invited] , 2011 .

[200]  C. Martin,et al.  Giant Improper Ferroelectricity in the Ferroaxial Magnet CaMn 7 O 12 , 2011, 1110.4585.

[201]  N. Mathur,et al.  Multiferroic and magnetoelectric materials , 2006, Nature.

[202]  M D Rossell,et al.  Reversible electric control of exchange bias in a multiferroic field-effect device. , 2010, Nature materials.

[203]  A. Zvezdin,et al.  Flexomagnetoelectric interaction in multiferroics , 2009 .

[204]  Sergey Ovchinnikov,et al.  Another mechanism for the insulator-metal transition observed in Mott insulators , 2008 .

[205]  Phase transitions in multiferroic BiFeO3 crystals, thin-layers, and ceramics: enduring potential for a single phase, room-temperature magnetoelectric ‘holy grail’ , 2006, 0812.0484.

[206]  N. D. Mathur,et al.  Ferroelectric Control of Spin Polarization , 2010, Science.

[207]  S. Gemming,et al.  First-principles study of ferroelectric domain walls in multiferroic bismuth ferrite , 2009, 0909.5294.

[208]  J. Moreau,et al.  Ferroelectric BiFeO3 X-ray and neutron diffraction study , 1971 .

[209]  Switching of spontaneous electric polarization in the DyMnO3 multiferroic , 2007 .

[210]  Ken Ichi Arai,et al.  Magneto-optical properties of one-dimensional photonic crystals composed of magnetic and dielectric layers , 1998 .

[211]  S.-W. Cheong,et al.  Switchable Ferroelectric Diode and Photovoltaic Effect in BiFeO3 , 2009, Science.

[212]  I. Gudim,et al.  Colossal magnetodielectric effect in SmFe3(BO3)4 multiferroic , 2011 .

[213]  M. Alexe,et al.  Tip-enhanced photovoltaic effects in bismuth ferrite , 2011 .

[214]  REVIEWS OF TOPICAL PROBLEMS: Research on phase transformations in 3d-metal oxides at high and ultrahigh pressure: state of the art , 2009 .

[215]  Lewei Li,et al.  Routes to left-handed materials by magnetoelectric couplings , 2007 .

[216]  Amelia Carolina Sparavigna,et al.  Electric-field effects on the spin-density wave in magnetic ferroelectrics. , 1994, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[217]  James F. Scott,et al.  Physics and Applications of Bismuth Ferrite , 2009 .

[218]  Y. Tokura,et al.  Magnetic control of ferroelectric polarization , 2003, Nature.

[219]  S. Cheong,et al.  Local weak ferromagnetism in single-crystalline ferroelectric BiFeO3. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[220]  T. O'dell.  An induced magneto-electric effect in yttrium iron garnet , 1967 .

[221]  E. Nagaev,et al.  Lanthanum manganites and other giant-magnetoresistance magnetic conductors , 1996 .

[222]  Tahir Cagin,et al.  Dramatic enhancement in energy harvesting for a narrow range of dimensions in piezoelectric nanostructures , 2008 .

[223]  W. G. Maisch,et al.  Magnetoelectric susceptibility and magnetic symmetry of magnetoelectrically annealed TbPO4 , 1984 .

[224]  I. Gudim,et al.  Magnetization and specific heat of TbFe3(BO3)4 : Experiment and crystal-field calculations , 2007, 0704.3041.

[225]  R. Ramesh,et al.  Epitaxial BiFeO3 Multiferroic Thin Film Heterostructures , 2003, Science.

[226]  R Ramesh,et al.  Multiferroic BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 Nanostructures , 2004, Science.

[227]  M. A. Krivoglaz.  Fluctuon states of electrons , 1974 .

[228]  R. Gross,et al.  Multiferroic materials based on artificial thin film heterostructures , 2007 .

[229]  Demonstration of magnetoelectric scanning probe microscopy. , 2007, The Review of scientific instruments.

[230]  J. Melngailis,et al.  In situ observation of reversible nanomagnetic switching induced by electric fields. , 2010, Nano letters.

[231]  T. Arima.  Ferroelectricity Induced by Proper-Screw Type Magnetic Order(Condensed matter: electronic structure and electrical, magnetic, and optical properties) , 2007 .

[232]  R. B. Saptsov,et al.  ∫ Erratum: "On the Relaxation of the Order Parameter in the BCS Model," Pis'ma Zh. Éksp. Teor. Fiz. 83, 414 (2006) (JETP Lett. 83, 355 (2006)) , 2007 .

[233]  Amit Kumar,et al.  Magnon Sidebands and Spin-Charge Coupling in Bismuth Ferrite Probed by Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy , 2009 .

[234]  A. Fert.  Nobel Lecture: Origin, development, and future of spintronics , 2008 .

[235]  Ramamoorthy Ramesh,et al.  Efficient photovoltaic current generation at ferroelectric domain walls. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[236]  N. Zamkova,et al.  REVIEWS OF TOPICAL PROBLEMS: Ab initio calculations of the physical properties of ionic crystals , 2004 .

[237]  S. S. Krotov,et al.  Features of the magnetoelectric behavior of the family of multiferroics RMn2O5 at high magnetic fields (Review) , 2006 .

[238]  A. A. Shitov,et al.  Dynamics of domain walls in weak ferromagnets with quadratic magnetoelectric interaction , 2012 .

[239]  E. A. Turov.  Can the magnetoelectric effect coexist with weak piezomagnetism and ferromagnetism? , 1994 .

[240]  I. Gudim,et al.  Peculiarities in the magnetic, magnetoelectric, and magnetoelastic properties of SmFe3(BO3)4 multiferroic , 2010 .

[241]  Shan X. Wang,et al.  Electric-field control of local ferromagnetism using a magnetoelectric multiferroic. , 2008, Nature materials.

[242]  V. Cros,et al.  Nonuniformity of a planar polarizer for spin-transfer-induced vortex oscillations at zero field , 2010, 1003.0303.

[243]  G. Bihlmayer,et al.  Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction accounting for the orientation of magnetic domains in ultrathin films: Fe/W(110) , 2008 .

[244]  Mohammad Salehi Fashami,et al.  Magnetization dynamics, Bennett clocking and associated energy dissipation in multiferroic logic. , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[245]  J. A. Paixão,et al.  Rhombohedral-to-orthorhombic transition and multiferroic properties of Dy-substituted BiFeO3 , 2010 .

[246]  T. H. O'Dell,et al.  Magnetoelectrics - a new class of materials , 1965 .

[247]  P. Fischer,et al.  Voltage-controllable magnetic composite based on multifunctional polyethylene microparticles. , 2008, Small.

[248]  On the free energy of the flexomagnetoelectric interactions , 2011, 1105.5300.

[249]  Xiao-Liang Qi,et al.  Topological field theory of time-reversal invariant insulators , 2008, 0802.3537.

[250]  A. Zvezdin,et al.  Effect of magnetoelectrical interactions on the multiferroic domain walls , 2010, 1007.0894.

[251]  Anatolii K. Zvezdin,et al.  Magnetoelectrics: new type of tunable materials for microwave technique and spintronics , 2005, SPIE Optics + Optoelectronics.

[252]  J. Contour,et al.  Combining half-metals and multiferroics into epitaxial heterostructures for spintronics , 2005, cond-mat/0510625.

[253]  V. N. Onishchuk,et al.  Generation of mesoscopic magnetic structures by local laser action , 1997 .

[254]  D. Khomskii,et al.  Classifying multiferroics: Mechanisms and effects , 2009 .

[255]  D. V. Belov,et al.  Magnetic-field-induced toroidal moment in the magnetoelectric Cr2O3 , 1999 .

[256]  V. Pokatilov,et al.  57Fe NMR study of multiferroic BiFeO3 , 2010 .

[257]  V. Ginzburg,et al.  On the problem of superdiamagnetism , 1984 .

[258]  T. Ishikura,et al.  Magnetic ordering in relation to the room-temperature magnetoelectric effect of Sr3Co2Fe24O41. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[259]  T. Arima,et al.  Periodic rotation of magnetization in a non-centrosymmetric soft magnet induced by an electric field. , 2009, Nature materials.

[260]  S. Priya,et al.  Multimodal system for harvesting magnetic and mechanical energy , 2008 .

[261]  R.M. Osgood,et al.  Photonic bandgaps with defects and the enhancement of Faraday rotation , 2000, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[262]  Nicola A. Spaldin,et al.  The toroidal moment in condensed-matter physics and its relation to the magnetoelectric effect , 2008 .

[263]  Stefan Heinze,et al.  Imaging and manipulating the spin direction of individual atoms. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[264]  Microscopic mechanisms of spin-dependent electric polarization in 3d oxides , 2009, 0910.4254.

[265]  T. Ono,et al.  Magnetic force microscopy observation of antivortex core with perpendicular magnetization in patterned thin film of permalloy , 2002 .

[266]  D. A. Yablonskiǐ,et al.  Inhomogeneous magnetoelectric effect , 1983 .

[267]  M. Shamsutdinov,et al.  Structure and dynamics of a domain wall in a ferromagnet with an inhomogeneous magnetoelectric interaction , 2011 .

[268]  R. Hornreich,et al.  Statistical Mechanics and Origin of the Magnetoelectric Effect in Cr 2 O 3 , 1967 .

[269]  Y. Matsushita,et al.  Indium-based perovskites: a new class of near-room-temperature multiferroics. , 2009, Angewandte Chemie.

[270]  Hans Schmid,et al.  Magnetoelectric effects in insulating magnetic materials , 2000, Optics & Photonics.

[271]  Xinyi Zhang,et al.  Synthesis and ferroelectric properties of multiferroic BiFeO3 nanotube arrays , 2005 .

[272]  C. H. Back,et al.  Magnetic vortex core reversal by excitation with short bursts of an alternating field , 2006, Nature.

[273]  T. Nakajima,et al.  Spin Noncollinearlity in Multiferroic Phase of Triangular Lattice Antiferromagnet CuFe1-xAlxO2 , 2007 .

[274]  O. Ivanenko,et al.  Phase diagram of La 2 x M x CuO 4 as the key to understanding the nature of high- T c superconductors , 2004 .

[275]  Electric-field control of exchange bias in multiferroic epitaxial heterostructures. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[276]  V. Menshenin.  Interrelation between the soliton lattice and electric polarization in RMn2O5 oxides , 2009 .

[277]  A. Fert.  The origin, development and future of spintronics , 2008 .

[278]  S. Cheong,et al.  Temperature-dependent properties of the magnetic order in single-crystal BiFeO$_3$ , 2011, 1104.3109.

[279]  M. Bushinsky,et al.  Weak ferromagnetism in BiFeO3-based multiferroics , 2009 .

[280]  E. Golovenchits,et al.  Magnetic-field-induced phase transition in Tb0.95Bi0.05MnO3+δ multiferroic , 2006 .

[281]  P. Royen,et al.  Das System Wismutoxyd‐Eisenoxyd im Bereich von 0 bis 55 Mol% Eisenoxyd , 1957 .

[282]  A. Vasiliev,et al.  Rare-earth ferroborates RFe3(BO3)4 , 2006 .

[283]  Minoru Noda,et al.  Giant Ferroelectric Polarization Beyond 150 µC/cm2 in BiFeO3 Thin Film , 2004 .

[284]  H. Thomas,et al.  Structural Phase Transitions in Perovskite-Type Crystals , 1968 .

[285]  M. Fiebig,et al.  Observation and coupling of domains in a spin-spiral multiferroic. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[286]  G. Rado,et al.  Anisotropy of the Magnetoelectric Effect in Cr 2 O 3 , 1961 .

[287]  J. Rivera,et al.  Measurement of the Quadratic Magnetoelectric Effect on Single Crystalline BiFeO3 , 1985 .

[288]  W. Kleemann,et al.  Multiferroically composed exchange bias systems , 2006 .

[289]  A. Zvezdin,et al.  Spin-flop and incommensurate structures in magnetic ferroelectrics , 1997 .

[290]  A. Popkov,et al.  Spatially modulated antiferromagnetic structures in an easy-plane multiferroic , 2011 .

[291]  M. Okuyama,et al.  Prominent ferroelectricity of BiFeO3 thin films prepared by pulsed-laser deposition , 2003 .

[292]  V. A. Timofeeva,et al.  Magnetoelectric effect and toroidal ordering in Ga2−xFexO3 , 1998 .

[293]  A. S. Logginov,et al.  Room temperature magnetoelectric control of micromagnetic structure in iron garnet films , 2008 .

[294]  Vladimir I. Belotelov,et al.  Magneto-optical properties of photonic crystals , 2005 .

[295]  Yu . A. Shpolyansky.  Erratum: "Envelope, Phase, and Frequency of Optical Radiation with Ultrabroad Spectrum in a Transparent Medium" (Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 138, 631 (2010); JETP 111, 557 (2010)) , 2011 .

[296]  A. I. Popov,et al.  Macroscopic quantum dynamics of toroidal moment in Ising-type rare-earth clusters , 2010, 1009.0371.

[297]  S. Ovchinnikov,et al.  Spin reorientation effects in GdFe3(BO3)4 induced by applied field and temperature , 2005 .

[298]  B. Tanygin.  Symmetry theory of the flexomagnetoelectric effect in the magnetic domain walls , 2010, 1007.3524.

[299]  J. van den Brink,et al.  Multiferroicity due to charge ordering , 2008, 0803.2964.

[300]  A. Zvezdin,et al.  Origin of the long period magnetic ordering in BiFeO3 , 1995 .

[301]  R. Allenspach,et al.  Control of domain wall polarity by current pulses. , 2008, Physical review letters.

[302]  A. Rushforth,et al.  Toward a low-voltage multiferroic transistor: Magnetic (Ga,Mn)As under ferroelectric control , 2009 .

[303]  P. Fischer,et al.  Temperature dependence of the crystal and magnetic structures of BiFeO3 , 1980 .

[304]  J. Íñiguez,et al.  Ab Initio indications for giant magnetoelectric effects driven by structural softness. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[305]  Hans Schmid,et al.  On ferrotoroidics and electrotoroidic, magnetotoroidic and piezotoroidic effects* , 2001 .

[306]  M. Bushinsky,et al.  Conditions favoring the polar weak ferromagnetic state in BiFeO3-type multiferroics , 2011 .