Viruses infecting bivalve molluscs

Bivalve molluscs are filter feeders and as a consequence they may bioaccumulate in their tissues viruses that infect humans and higher vertebrates. However, there have also been described mortalities of bivalve molluscs asso- ciated with viruses belonging to different families. Mass mortalities of adult Portuguese oysters, Crassostrea angulata, among French livestocks (between 1967 and 1973) were associated with irido-like virus infections. Herpesviruses were reported in the eastern oyster, Pacific oyster and European flat oyster and lately in scallops and clams. Disseminated neoplasia, a proliferative cell disorder of the circulatory system of bivalves, although of uncertain aetiology, has been suggested to be caused by retroviral infections. Other viruses described in bivalves are interpreted as members of the Papovaviridae, Togaviridae, Reoviridae, Birnaviridae and Picornaviridae. However, the lack of bivalve cell lines renders difficult virus isolation from molluscs although some viruses can be isolated in fish cell lines. Resume - Infections virales affectant les coquillages. Les mollusques bivalves sont des filteurs et de ce fait peuvent accumuler dans leurs tissus des virus d'origine anthropique. Par ailleurs, des mortalites ont ete constatees chez des bivalves en association a la detection de virus apparentes a differentes familles. Ainsi, les mortalites massives d'huitres portugaises, Crassostrea angulata, observees en France, de 1967 a 1973, ont ete associees a la presence de virus apparentes aux Iridoviridae. Des virus de type herpes ont ete detectes chez l'huitre americaine, l'huitre creuse, l'huitre plate, et plus recemment chez la coquille Saint-Jacques et la palourde japonaise. Des neoplasies touchant les cellules circulantes chez les bivalves sont encore aujourd'hui d'etiologie incertaine. Cependant, l'implication de retrovirus dans le processus a ete suspectee. Chez les coquillages, d'autres virus ont ete decrits et interpretes comme appartenant aux Papovaviridae, Togaviridae, Reoviridae, Birnaviridae et aux Picornaviridae. Cependant, l'absence de lignees cellulaires de bivalves rend difficile l'isolement de virus a partir d'echantillons de ces memes bivalves, alors que des virus peuvent etre isoles sur lignees cellullaires de poissons. Abbreviations used: GNV Gill necrosis virus, OVVD Oyster velar virus disease, HIV Hemocyte infection virus, OsHV Ostreid herpes virus, BIRP Baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis repeat protein, MABV Marine birnavirus.

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