The interaction of sound with turbulent flow

Herein the generation of sound by subsonic turbulent air flow in cavities is studied. Two types of cavity modes are considered; the axial modes of a pipe'open at both ends and the transverse modes of a rectangular duct. Experiments were performed to measure the acoustic spectra of the flow generated noise. A linear theoretical analysis, based on an isotropic model of the turbulent fluctuations, is developed to predict this spectra. Certain nonlinear phenomena (screech), due to the alteration of the source flow by the emitted sound, are identified. The necessary conditions for such instabilities are examined.

[1]  N. Curle.  The influence of solid boundaries upon aerodynamic sound , 1955, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[2]  M. Lighthill.  On sound generated aerodynamically I. General theory , 1952, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[3]  H. S. Ribner,et al.  Quadrupole correlations governing the pattern of jet noise , 1967, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[4]  M. Abramowitz,et al.  Handbook of Mathematical Functions With Formulas, Graphs and Mathematical Tables (National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series No. 55) , 1965 .

[5]  P. Mungur,et al.  Acoustic wave propagation in a sheared fluid contained in a duct , 1969 .

[6]  J. Rossiter.  Wind tunnel experiments on the flow over rectangular cavities at subsonic and transonic speeds , 1964 .

[7]  D. L. Hawkings,et al.  Sound generation by turbulence and surfaces in arbitrary motion , 1969, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[8]  M. Lighthill.  On sound generated aerodynamically II. Turbulence as a source of sound , 1954, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[9]  H. Ribner,et al.  Direct Correlation of Noise and Flow of a Jet , 1972 .

[10]  John W. Miles,et al.  On the disturbed motion of a plane vortex sheet , 1958, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[11]  H. S. Ribner,et al.  The Generation of Sound by Turbulent Jets , 1964 .

[12]  Parampreet Singh,et al.  Turbulent mixing in a two‐dimensional jet , 1975 .

[13]  Lenhart K. Schubert,et al.  Refraction of Sound from a Point Source Placed in an Air Jet , 1965 .

[14]  R. Kraichnan.  The Scattering of Sound in a Turbulent Medium , 1953 .

[15]  R. G. Dorsch,et al.  Noise generated by impingement of a jet upon a large flat board , 1972 .

[16]  W. Meecham.  Acoustic Spectra from Turbulent Jets , 1971 .

[17]  J. E. Ffowcs Williams.  The noise from turbulence convected at high speed , 1963, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[18]  E. Grande.  Refraction of sound by jet flow and jet temperature II , 1966 .

[19]  A. Townsend,et al.  The measurement of double and triple correlation derivatives in isotropic turbulence , 1947, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[20]  A. B. C. Anderson,et al.  A Jet‐Tone Orifice Number for Orifices of Small Thickness‐Diameter Ratio , 1954 .

[21]  M. Goldstein,et al.  Effect of anisotropic turbulence on aerodynamic noise , 1973 .

[22]  A. Anderson.  Vortex‐Ring Structure‐Transition in a Jet Emitting Discrete Acoustic Frequencies , 1956 .

[23]  C. Tam.  Directional acoustic radiation from a supersonic jet generated by shear layer instability , 1971, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[24]  U. Ingard,et al.  Effect of flow on the acoustic resonances of an open‐ended duct , 1975 .

[25]  Alan J. Bilanin,et al.  Estimation of Possible Excitation Frequencies for Shallow Rectangular Cavities , 1973 .

[26]  D. Owen.  Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas , 1965 .

[27]  R. C. Chanaud,et al.  Some Experiments concerning the Hole and Ring Tone , 1965 .

[28]  Nigel Thomas.  On the Production of Sound by Jets , 1955 .

[29]  D I Blokhintsev,et al.  Acoustics of a Nonhomogeneous Moving Medium. , 1956 .

[30]  F. E. Marble,et al.  Acoustic disturbance from gas non-uniformities convected through a nozzle , 1977 .

[31]  Alan Powell,et al.  On the Edgetone , 1961 .

[32]  A. Cummings,et al.  Sound transmission at sudden area expansions in circular ducts, with superimposed mean flow , 1975 .

[33]  P. Morse.  Vibration and Sound , 1949, Nature.

[34]  H. S. Ribner,et al.  New Theory of Jet‐Noise Generation, Directionality, and Spectra , 1959 .