Social value creation through tourism enterprise

Despite the role of social entrepreneurship to create social value and transformation, little is still known about how social value can be generated. Drawing upon the service dominant logic and entrepreneurship literature, the paper aims to identify the resource needs of a tourism social enterprise and evaluate the means by which these resources are mobilised. Twenty seven face-to-face interviews were conducted with key informants in a developing country case study context. The key resources required for social value creation in tourism are natural; financial; political and institutional and human capital. These resources enable the generation of social value at three levels with interlocking value creation processes: at an individual stakeholder level; at the meso level and at the macro-level. Strategies associated with resource mobilisation are stakeholder involvement and collaboration; and relationship development and local community empowerment. A shared understanding of the role of tourism and cultural values is critical.

[1]  L. Louw,et al.  Emotional confidence levels and success of tourism development for poverty reduction: The South African Kwam eMakana home-stay project , 2012 .

[2]  Toyah L. Miller,et al.  Assessing Mission and Resources for Social Change: An Organizational Identity Perspective on Social Venture Capitalists‘ Decision Criteria , 2010 .

[3]  Simon Rodan,et al.  More than Network Structure: How Knowledge Heterogeneity Influences Managerial Performance and Innovativeness , 2004 .

[4]  Kim Klyver,et al.  THE EFFECT OF HUMAN CAPITAL ON SOCIAL CAPITAL AMONG ENTREPRENEURS , 2010 .

[5]  L. Altınay,et al.  Tourism students’ entrepreneurial intentions , 2010 .

[6]  Charlotte M. Echtner,et al.  Social capital and tourism entrepreneurship , 2011 .

[7]  R. Fisk,et al.  Service Sustainability: A Tripartite Value Co-Creation Perspective , 2014 .

[8]  Sarah H. Alvord,et al.  Social Entrepreneurship and Societal Transformation , 2002 .

[9]  H. Haugh.  Community–Led Social Venture Creation , 2007 .

[10]  P. Chathoth,et al.  Co-production versus co-creation: A process based continuum in the hotel service context , 2013 .

[11]  Murray Simpson,et al.  Community Benefit Tourism Initiatives—A conceptual oxymoron? , 2008 .

[12]  Mark Casson,et al.  Entrepreneurship and Social Capital , 2007 .

[13]  C. Kline,et al.  Applying the Positive Theory of Social Entrepreneurship to Understand Food Entrepreneurs and Their Operations , 2014 .

[14]  Pia Yliräisänen-Seppänen,et al.  Characteristics of value co-creation in a learning environment by service design and service-dominant frameworks , 2012 .

[15]  Alexandros Paraskevas,et al.  Planning Research in Hospitality and Tourism , 2015 .

[16]  E. Chell.  Social Enterprise and Entrepreneurship , 2007 .

[17]  P. Chathoth,et al.  Strategic management research in hospitality and tourism: past, present and future , 2014 .

[18]  P. Sloan,et al.  A survey of social entrepreneurial community-based hospitality and tourism initiatives in developing economies: A new business approach for industry , 2014 .

[19]  C. Kline,et al.  Social movements and tourism-related local action , 2014 .

[20]  P. Atkinson,et al.  Making sense of qualitative data , 1996 .

[21]  Fiona Lettice,et al.  The social innovation process: themes, challenges and implications for practice , 2010, Int. J. Technol. Manag..

[22]  Matthew B. Miles,et al.  Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook , 1994 .

[23]  Kathleen M. Eisenhardt,et al.  Theory Building From Cases: Opportunities And Challenges , 2007 .

[24]  Marco Tregua,et al.  Being social for social: a co-creation perspective , 2015 .

[25]  Stephen L. Vargo,et al.  Value cocreation and service systems (Re)formation: A service ecosystems view , 2012 .

[26]  Richard Seymour,et al.  Understanding Value Creation in Social Entrepreneurship: The Importance of Aligning Mission, Strategy and Impact Measurement , 2011 .

[27]  L. I. Álvarez-González,et al.  How to encourage social innovations: a resource-based approach , 2015 .

[28]  Marialaura Di Domenico,et al.  Social Bricolage: Theorizing Social Value Creation in Social Enterprises , 2010 .

[29]  A. Carsrud,et al.  Social Ventures from a Resource–Based Perspective: An Exploratory Study Assessing Global Ashoka Fellows , 2010 .

[30]  Yoo-shik Yoon,et al.  Factors influencing social capital in rural tourism communities in South Korea , 2012 .

[31]  Stephen L. Vargo,et al.  Contextualization and value-in-context: How context frames exchange , 2011 .

[32]  Fevzi Okumus,et al.  Barriers affecting organisational adoption of higher order customer engagement in tourism service interactions , 2014 .

[33]  Stephen L. Vargo,et al.  The Co-Creation of Value-in-Cultural-Context , 2013 .

[34]  Stephen L. Vargo,et al.  An Exploration of Networks in Value Cocreation: A Service-Ecosystems View , 2012 .

[35]  E. Chell,et al.  Social entrepreneurship and enterprise: International and innovation perspectives , 2010 .

[36]  P. Davidsson,et al.  The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs , 2000 .

[37]  David J. Ketchen,et al.  Entrepreneurship as a solution to poverty , 2013 .

[38]  Sarah H. Alvord,et al.  Social Entrepreneurship and Societal Transformation , 2004 .

[39]  Alistair R. Anderson,et al.  The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process , 2002 .

[40]  S. Ghoshal,et al.  Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage , 1998 .

[41]  S. Estrin,et al.  Do Women Earn Less Even as Social Entrepreneurs? , 2014, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[42]  P. Lanier.  The positive impacts of ecotourism in protected areas , 2014 .

[43]  Francesco Perrini,et al.  A process-based view of social entrepreneurship: From opportunity identification to scaling-up social change in the case of San Patrignano , 2010 .

[44]  Stephen L. Vargo,et al.  It's all B2B…and beyond: Toward a systems perspective of the market , 2011 .

[45]  Alex Nicholls,et al.  The Legitimacy of Social Entrepreneurship: Reflexive Isomorphism in a Pre–Paradigmatic Field , 2010 .

[46]  Helena K. Farrell,et al.  Tourism entrepreneurs in Northumberland , 2011 .

[47]  J. Mair,et al.  Social Entrepreneurship Research: A Source of Explanation, Prediction, and Delight , 2006 .

[48]  S. Schaltegger,et al.  Sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainability innovation: categories and interactions , 2011 .

[49]  Katri Kallio,et al.  Organizational learning in an innovation network: Enhancing the agency of public service organizations , 2015 .

[50]  Gareth Shaw,et al.  Understanding small firms in tourism: a perspective on research trends and challenges. , 2011 .

[51]  Eric J. Arnould,et al.  Toward a Cultural Resource-Based Theory of the Customer , 2014 .

[52]  Alistair R. Anderson,et al.  Enacting entrepreneurship as social value creation , 2011 .

[53]  Arie Reichel,et al.  The cumulative nature of the entrepreneurial process: The contribution of human capital, planning and environment resources to small venture performance , 2007 .

[54]  G. Seilov.  Does the adoption of customer and competitor orientations make small hospitality businesses more entrepreneurial?: Evidence from Kazakhstan , 2015 .

[55]  G. Richards,et al.  Creativity and tourism: The State of the Art , 2011 .

[56]  Jennifer D. Chandler,et al.  Roles as resources: A social roles perspective of change in value networks , 2011 .

[57]  B. Edvardsson,et al.  Expanding understanding of service exchange and value co-creation: a social construction approach , 2011 .

[58]  Silvia Dorado.  SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURIAL VENTURES: DIFFERENT VALUES SO DIFFERENT PROCESS OF CREATION, NO? , 2006 .

[59]  A. Ghobadian,et al.  Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship , 2015 .

[60]  Mark P. Hampton,et al.  Competing industries in islands a new tourism approach , 2007 .

[61]  Freya Higgins-Desbiolles.  More than an “industry”: The forgotten power of tourism as a social force , 2006 .

[62]  J. Florin,et al.  Creating Shared Value in the Hybrid Venture Arena: A Business Model Innovation Perspective , 2011 .

[63]  R. Lemelin,et al.  A capital assets framework for appraising and building capacity for tourism development in aboriginal protected area gateway communities , 2012 .

[64]  R. Yin.  Case Study Research: Design and Methods , 1984 .

[65]  Natalia Ryzhkova,et al.  Does online collaboration with customers drive innovation performance , 2015 .

[66]  Social Entrepreneurship: A Call for Collective Action , 2017 .

[67]  Allan M. Williams,et al.  INTERNATIONALIZATION AND INNOVATION IN TOURISM , 2011 .

[68]  Petter Holm.  The Dynamics of Institutionalization: Transformation Processes in Norwegian Fisheries , 1995 .

[69]  Social entrepreneurship in the informal economy: a case study of re-enactment festivals , 2015 .

[70]  C. Grönroos,et al.  The service revolution and its marketing implications: service logic vs service-dominant logic , 2014 .

[71]  A. Strobl,et al.  Entrepreneurial reputation in destination networks , 2013 .

[72]  Donald O. Neubaum,et al.  A Typology of Social Entrepreneurs: Motives, search Processes and Ethical Challenges , 2009 .

[73]  Irena Ateljevic,et al.  Unpacking the local: A cultural analysis of tourism entrepreneurship in Murter, Croatia , 2003 .

[74]  Makarand Mody,et al.  Rationality of social entrepreneurs in tourism: Max Weber and the sociology of tourism development , 2014 .

[75]  Banjo Roxas,et al.  Effects of formal institutions on the performance of the tourism sector in the Philippines: The mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation , 2013 .

[76]  N. Denzin,et al.  The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research , 2005 .

[77]  Stephen L. Vargo,et al.  Service-dominant logic: reactions, reflections and refinements , 2006 .

[78]  Dale T. Miller,et al.  Rediscovering Social Innovation , 2008 .

[79]  Transcendence for Business Logics in Value Networks for Sustainable Service Business , 2015 .