Real-time imaging of lymphocytes in vivo.

New preparations, fluorescent probes and imaging techniques are providing the means to observe the behavior of cells in the tissue environment of lymphoid organs. In particular, when combined with two-photon laser microscopy, intravital imaging of surgically exposed lymph nodes provides a unique view of lymphocyte migration and antigen presentation as it occurs within the living animal. The view is emerging that lymphocytes migrate randomly within lymphoid organs, and that lymphocyte contact with antigen-presenting cells may be a stochastic process rather than one guided by chemokine gradients.

[1]  T. Meyer,et al.  Efficient generation of human T cells from a tissue-engineered thymic organoid , 2000, Nature Biotechnology.

[2]  Stephen Shaw,et al.  Lymph-Borne Chemokines and Other Low Molecular Weight Molecules Reach High Endothelial Venules via Specialized Conduits While a Functional Barrier Limits Access to the Lymphocyte Microenvironments in Lymph Node Cortex , 2000, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[3]  S. Bromley,et al.  The immunological synapse: a molecular machine controlling T cell activation. , 1999, Science.

[4]  E. Bröcker,et al.  Antigen presentation in extracellular matrix: interactions of T cells with dendritic cells are dynamic, short lived, and sequential. , 2000, Immunity.

[5]  Michael Loran Dustin,et al.  Environmental control of immunological synapse formation and duration. , 2001, Trends in immunology.

[6]  Michael Loran Dustin,et al.  Reprogramming T cells: the role of extracellular matrix in coordination of T cell activation and migration. , 2001, Current opinion in immunology.

[7]  J. Cyster,et al.  Chemokines and cell migration in secondary lymphoid organs. , 1999, Science.

[8]  R. Germain,et al.  Dynamic Imaging of T Cell-Dendritic Cell Interactions in Lymph Nodes , 2002, Science.

[9]  Philippe Bousso,et al.  Dynamics of Thymocyte-Stromal Cell Interactions Visualized by Two-Photon Microscopy , 2002, Science.

[10]  Stephen Shaw,et al.  Cords, channels, corridors and conduits: critical architectural elements facilitating cell interactions in the lymph node cortex , 1997, Immunological reviews.

[11]  Mark J. Miller,et al.  Two-photon imaging in intact lymphoid tissue. , 2002, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[12]  M. Jutila,et al.  Effects of Continuous Exposure to Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1α on T Cell Rolling and Tight Adhesion to Monolayers of Activated Endothelial Cells1 , 2000, The Journal of Immunology.

[13]  M. Sitkovsky,et al.  Differential Effects of Physiologically Relevant Hypoxic Conditions on T Lymphocyte Development and Effector Functions , 2001, The Journal of Immunology.

[14]  Philippe Bousso,et al.  Dynamics of CD8+ T cell priming by dendritic cells in intact lymph nodes , 2003, Nature Immunology.

[15]  Sanjiv S Gambhir,et al.  Quantitative imaging of the T cell antitumor response by positron-emission tomography , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[16]  Michael D. Cahalan,et al.  Two-photon tissue imaging: seeing the immune system in a fresh light , 2002, Nature Reviews Immunology.

[17]  Richard Murray,et al.  IL-7 is critical for homeostatic proliferation and survival of naïve T cells , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[18]  U. V. von Andrian.  Immunology. T cell activation in six dimensions. , 2002, Science.

[19]  Sabine Stoll,et al.  Imaging of T‐cell interactions with antigen presenting cells in culture and in intact lymphoid tissue , 2002, Immunological reviews.

[20]  Mark J. Miller,et al.  Two-Photon Imaging of Lymphocyte Motility and Antigen Response in Intact Lymph Node , 2002, Science.

[21]  U. V. Andrian.  T Cell Activation in Six Dimensions , 2002 .

[22]  C. Contag,et al.  Advances in in vivo bioluminescence imaging of gene expression. , 2002, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[23]  Mark J. Miller,et al.  Autonomous T cell trafficking examined in vivo with intravital two-photon microscopy , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[24]  Donald S. Williams,et al.  Detection of single mammalian cells by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. , 1999, Biophysical journal.

[25]  A. Khoruts,et al.  In vivo activation of antigen-specific CD4 T cells. , 2001, Annual review of immunology.

[26]  B. Kyewski,et al.  Dynamic Changes During the Immune Response in T Cell–Antigen-presenting Cell Clusters Isolated from Lymph Nodes , 2003, The Journal of experimental medicine.