Hydrogen technology for energy needs of human settlements

Abstract Hydrogen is being considered as a synthetic fuel or energy carrier for the post-fossil fuel era. It has many properties to commend itself: it compliments the nonconventional primary energy sources and presents them to the consumer in a convenient form; it is relatively inexpensive to produce; it can be converted to various energy forms at the consumer end with higher efficiencies than other fuels; it is renewable; and it is the lightest and cleanest fuel. It can be used in every application where fossil fuels are used today, including meeting the energy requirements of human settlements, such as cooking, water and space heating, cooling and refrigeration, lighting, powering farm implements and transportation, and electricity generation. In all these applications, it is superior to conventional fuels and other synthetic alternatives. There are already demonstration projects to show the applications of hydrogen in the domestic and transportation sectors of human settlements.

[1]  J. Pangborn,et al.  Technical prospects for commercial and residential distribution and utilization of hydrogen , 1976 .

[2]  W. Balthasar.  Hydrogen production and technology: today, tomorrow and beyond , 1984 .

[3]  G. D. Brewer,et al.  The prospects for liquid hydrogen fueled aircraft , 1982 .

[4]  G. Sandrock,et al.  Hydrogen storage in metal hydrides , 1980 .

[5]  G. Kaske,et al.  High-purity hydrogen distribution network for industrial use in Western Europe , 1985 .

[6]  H. Buchner,et al.  The hydrogen/hydride energy concept , 1978 .

[7]  R. E. Knowlton.  An investigation of the safety aspects in the use of hydrogen as a ground transportation fuel , 1984 .

[8]  J. Barclay.  Can magnetic refrigerators liquefy hydrogen at high efficiency , 1981 .

[9]  J. H. Kelley,et al.  Storage, transmission and distribution of hydrogen , 1980 .

[10]  W. Dönitz.  Economics and potential application of electrolytic hydrogen in the next decades , 1984 .

[11]  Roger Revelle,et al.  Carbon Dioxide and World Climate , 1982 .

[12]  W. Peschka,et al.  Liquid hydrogen as a vehicular fuel—a challenge for cryogenic engineering , 1984 .

[13]  J. Bockris,et al.  A Solar-Hydrogen Energy System for Environmental Compatibility , 1985, Environmental Conservation.

[14]  D. S. Tarnay.  Hydrogen production at hydro-power plants , 1985 .

[15]  J. O'm. Bockris,et al.  The economics of hydrogen as a fuel , 1981 .

[16]  A. Labastille.  Acid rain: how great a menace? , 1981 .

[17]  E. Grecu,et al.  Heating of a testing room by use of a hydrogen-fueled catalytic heater , 1981 .

[18]  Lincoln Paterson,et al.  Physical, chemical and energy aspects of underground hydrogen storage , 1979 .

[19]  J. J. Morgan,et al.  Chemical Composition of Acid Fog , 1982, Science.

[20]  J. O'm. Bockris,et al.  Energy, the solar hydrogen alternative , 1975 .

[21]  H. B. Mathur,et al.  Performance and emission characteristics of hydrogen fueled spark ignition engine , 1984 .

[22]  Rodney L. LeRoy,et al.  Unipolar water electrolysers - A competitive technology , 1979 .

[23]  W. Jasionowski,et al.  Gas distribution equipment in hydrogen service , 1980 .

[24]  P H Abelson,et al.  Acid rain. , 1983, Science.

[25]  L. C. Trimble,et al.  OTEC for hydrogen production , 1979 .

[26]  William E. Reifsnyder,et al.  Book reviewCarbon Dioxide Review: William C. Clark (Editor). Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 1982, 150 figs., xix + 469 pp., US $35.00 (clothbound) , 1983 .

[27]  F. E. Lynch,et al.  Parallel induction: a simple fuel control method for hydrogen engines , 1983 .

[28]  L. Paterson.  The implications of fingering in underground hydrogen storage , 1983 .

[29]  G. Eklund,et al.  Storage and transportation of merchant hydrogen , 1983 .

[30]  Michael R. Swain,et al.  Hydrogen-Fueled Automotive Engine Experimental Testing to Provide an Initial Design-Data Base , 1981 .

[31]  Elliott,et al.  Estimating the future rate of production of the world's fossil fuels , 1974 .

[32]  G. Beghi.  Development of thermochemical and hybrid processes for hydrogen production , 1985 .

[33]  T. N. Veziroglu,et al.  Hydrogen versus synthetic fossil fuels , 1984 .

[34]  R. C. Forrester,et al.  In situ gasification - Recovery of inaccessible coal reserves , 1978 .

[35]  J. H. Russell,et al.  Solid polymer electrolyte water electrolysis—development status , 1980 .

[36]  T. N. Veziroglu,et al.  Hydrogen production using solar radiation , 1976 .

[37]  E. Raia.  Fuel cells spark utilities' interest , 1984 .

[38]  G. D. Brewer.  A plan for active development of LH2 for use in aircraft , 1979 .

[39]  G. Leeth.  Energy transmission systems , 1976 .

[40]  W. F. Stewart,et al.  Operating experience with a liquid-hydrogen fueled buick and refueling system , 1984 .

[41]  J. Hord,et al.  Is hydrogen a safe fuel , 1978 .

[42]  H. Buchner,et al.  Hydrogen use—transportation fuel , 1984 .

[43]  J. Brosseau,et al.  Microbial hydrogen production from replenishable resources , 1979 .

[44]  J. Nitsch.  Large-scale solar energy utilization—possibilities and restrictions , 1986 .

[45]  U. Bonne.  Hydrogen fuel for space conditioning of buildings , 1983 .

[46]  J. G. Seay,et al.  Survey of United States and total world production, proved reserves and remaining recoverable resources of fossil fuels and uranium as of December 31, 1976 , 1979 .

[47]  S. Idso,et al.  Can we delay a greenhouse warming , 1984 .

[48]  T. N. Veziroglu,et al.  Fossil/hydrogen energy mix and population control , 1976 .

[49]  J. J. Reilly,et al.  Metal Hydride Storage for Mobile and Stationary Applications , 1975 .

[50]  B. Tilak,et al.  Hydrogen production from water: Summary of recent research and development presented at the Fifth WHEC , 1985 .

[51]  F. Edeskuty,et al.  Hydrogen safety problems , 1976 .

[52]  S. Furuhama,et al.  A liquid hydrogen car with a two-stroke direct injection engine and LH2-pump , 1982 .

[53]  L. J. Nuttall,et al.  Status of solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell technology and potential for transportation applications , 1982 .