Institutionelle Analyse technischer Innovation

ZusammenfassungIn verschiedenen sozialwissenschaftlichen Teildisziplinen wird die Entstehung und Ausbreitung technischer Innovationen aus einer institutionellen Perspektive analysiert. Wichtige Ansätze finden sich in der sozio-ökonomischen Forschung über nationale Innovationssysteme, der politökonomischen Forschung über die Spielarten des Kapitalismus und der Techniksoziologie, auch wenn in der Mehrzahl dieser Studien technische Innovationen nicht den zentralen Fokus bilden. Die Arbeiten gehen oft von einfachen Unterscheidungen zwischen bestimmten Typen von technischen Innovationen (z.B. radikal/inkrementell) aus, die sie in der Regel nicht sehr viel weiter entwickeln. Dieses „black-boxing“ kann es erleichtern, generalisierbare Zusammenhänge zwischen institutionellen Konstellationen und technischen Innovationen aufzuzeigen. Das ist bisher aber auch deshalb nur selten gelungen, weil ein Defizit hinsichtlich der theoretischen Konzeptualisierung von institutionellen Arrangements besteht und gleichzeitig ein institutioneller Determinismus vorherrscht. Die Analyse von Wechselwirkungen zwischen technischen und institutionellen Neuerungen als Prozessen der Koevolution und Interaktion könnte Abhilfe schaffen.SummaryDifferent sub-disciplines of the Social Sciences analyze the evolution and diffusion of technical innovations from an institutional perspective. Important approaches are provided by socio-economic studies of national systems of innovation, by political-economic research on the varieties of capitalism and by the sociology of technology — even though technical innovations are not the central focus of the majority of these studies. They often start from rather simple distinctions between types of technical innovations (e.g. radical/incremental) which they usually do not elaborate on. Such “black-boxing” by and large facilitates detecting generalizable relations between institutional constellations and technical innovations. But it has hardly ever succeeded because a deficit is encountered concerning the theoretical concepts of institutional arrangements and, at the same time, institutional determinism prevails. Analyzing mutual adjustment of technical and institutional innovations as processes of coevolution and interaction could help.

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