Integrating Situation Awareness and Surprise: A Computational Agent Model

To increase realism of virtual agents in serious gaming applications, computational models of human cognitive processes can play an important role. This paper presents a computational agent model that integrates models for situation awareness and surprise. The crucial element in the integration of both models is a mechanism that matches beliefs about the situation from the situation awareness model with expectations about the world from the surprise model. To evaluate the integrated model, it has been implemented within an existing simulator for F16 pilots, and four variants of the model were tested within a domain-specific scenario. The results indicate that the model has promising capabilities to enhance realism of virtual agents.

[1]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  Attention-Situation Awareness (A-SA) Model of Pilot Error , 2007 .

[2]  Tibor Bosse,et al.  A Language and Environment for Analysis of Dynamics by Simulation , 2005, Int. J. Artif. Intell. Tools.

[3]  Stacy Marsella,et al.  A domain-independent framework for modeling emotion , 2004, Cognitive Systems Research.

[4]  James F. Allen.  An Interval-Based Representation of Temporal Knowledge , 1981, IJCAI.

[5]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems , 1995, Hum. Factors.

[6]  E. Salas,et al.  The science of training: a decade of progress. , 2001, Annual review of psychology.

[7]  R. So,et al.  Situation awareness in intelligent agents: foundations for a theory of proactive agent behavior , 2004, Proceedings. IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology, 2004. (IAT 2004)..

[8]  Kevin O'Brien,et al.  Human Behavior Models for Agents in Simulators and Games: Part I: Enabling Science with PMFserv , 2006, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[9]  Robbert-Jan Merk,et al.  A Computational Model on Surprise and Its Effects on Agent Behaviour in Simulated Environments , 2010, PAAMS.

[10]  Tibor Bosse,et al.  Modelling Temporal Aspects of Situation Awareness , 2012, ICONIP.

[11]  K. Scherer.  Emotion as a multicomponent process: A model and some cross-cultural data. , 1984 .

[12]  J. G. Hollands,et al.  Engineering Psychology and Human Performance , 1984 .

[13]  Mark Hoogendoorn,et al.  Modeling Situation Awareness in Human-Like Agents Using Mental Models , 2011, IJCAI.

[14]  Tibor Bosse,et al.  Specification and Verification of Dynamics in Agent Models , 2009, Int. J. Cooperative Inf. Syst..

[15]  Rainer Reisenzein,et al.  The Role of Surprise in the Attribution Process , 1995 .

[16]  R. Plutchik.  Emotions : a general psychoevolutionary theory , 1984 .

[17]  P. Ekman.  Unmasking The Face , 1975 .

[18]  Randolph M. Jones,et al.  Automated Intelligent Pilots for Combat Flight Simulation , 1998, AI Mag..

[19]  Gernot Horstmann,et al.  Latency and duration of the action interruption in surprise , 2006 .

[20]  Cleotilde Gonzalez,et al.  Situation Awareness of Commanders: A Cognitive Model , 2004 .