Large formamidinium lead trihalide perovskite solar cells using chemical vapor deposition with high reproducibility and tunable chlorine concentrations

Chemical vapor deposition is an inexpensive way to batch-process solar cells with good uniformity and facilitates low-cost production. Formamidinium lead iodide perovskite has a smaller energy band gap and greater potential efficiency than the widely studied methylammonium lead iodide perovskite and better temperature stability. This work is the first demonstration of vapor deposition of formamidinium-based perovskite. A self-limiting perovskite formation process is recommended, with efficiencies as high as 14.2% and stability up to 155 days after fabrication. Using this process, a batch of semi-transparent solar cells with a large area of 1 cm2 was fabricated. We monitored the growth of perovskite in real time and provide insight that may not be accessible for a solution based process. We directly measured chlorine in perovskite films and correlated the concentration of chlorine with efficiency and stability.

[1]  Dolf Gielen,et al.  Re-considering the economics of photovoltaic power , 2013 .

[2]  Thomas Bein,et al.  Efficient Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Formamidinium Lead Bromide. , 2014, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[3]  D. Ginger,et al.  Impact of microstructure on local carrier lifetime in perovskite solar cells , 2015, Science.

[4]  Juan Bisquert,et al.  Slow Dynamic Processes in Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. Characteristic Times and Hysteresis. , 2014, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[5]  M. Johnston,et al.  Formamidinium lead trihalide: a broadly tunable perovskite for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells , 2014 .

[6]  M. M. Aman,et al.  A review of Safety, Health and Environmental (SHE) issues of solar energy system , 2015 .

[7]  Namchul Cho,et al.  Enhanced Environmental Stability of Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Blade‐Coating , 2015 .

[8]  Philip D. Rack,et al.  Chemical Vapor Deposition , 2002 .

[9]  Nripan Mathews,et al.  Formamidinium-Containing Metal-Halide: An Alternative Material for Near-IR Absorption Perovskite Solar Cells , 2014 .

[10]  Shenghao Wang,et al.  Fabrication of semi-transparent perovskite films with centimeter-scale superior uniformity by the hybrid deposition method , 2014 .

[11]  Qi Chen,et al.  Planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells via vapor-assisted solution process. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[12]  Linfeng Liu,et al.  Efficient hole-conductor-free, fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells with a broad light harvester NH2CHNH2PbI3 , 2014 .

[13]  J. Teuscher,et al.  Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites , 2012, Science.

[14]  Xinhong Zhou,et al.  One-step, solution-processed formamidinium lead trihalide (FAPbI(3-x)Cl(x)) for mesoscopic perovskite-polymer solar cells. , 2014, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[15]  Yongdong Xu,et al.  Chemical Vapour Deposition: An Integrated Engineering Design for Advanced Materials , 2010 .

[16]  Aldo Di Carlo,et al.  Perovskite solar cells and large area modules (100 cm2) based on an air flow-assisted PbI2 blade coating deposition process , 2015 .

[17]  M. Grätzel,et al.  Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells , 2013, Nature.

[18]  Henry J. Snaith,et al.  Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition , 2013, Nature.

[19]  Mercouri G Kanatzidis,et al.  Semiconducting tin and lead iodide perovskites with organic cations: phase transitions, high mobilities, and near-infrared photoluminescent properties. , 2013, Inorganic chemistry.

[20]  L. Etgar,et al.  Temperature dependence of hole conductor free formamidinium lead iodide perovskite based solar cells , 2015 .

[21]  Y. Qi,et al.  Air-Exposure Induced Dopant Redistribution and Energy Level Shifts in Spin-Coated Spiro-MeOTAD Films , 2015 .

[22]  Shenghao Wang,et al.  High performance perovskite solar cells by hybrid chemical vapor deposition , 2014 .

[23]  Jegadesan Subbiah,et al.  Toward Large Scale Roll‐to‐Roll Production of Fully Printed Perovskite Solar Cells , 2015, Advanced materials.

[24]  Nam-Gyu Park,et al.  Perovskite solar cells: an emerging photovoltaic technology , 2015 .

[25]  Young Chan Kim,et al.  Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells , 2015, Nature.

[26]  Alain Goriely,et al.  Neutral color semitransparent microstructured perovskite solar cells. , 2014, ACS nano.

[27]  Yaming Yu,et al.  NH2CH═NH2PbI3: An Alternative Organolead Iodide Perovskite Sensitizer for Mesoscopic Solar Cells , 2014 .

[28]  Alan D. F. Dunbar,et al.  Efficient planar heterojunction mixed-halide perovskite solar cells deposited via spray-deposition , 2014 .

[29]  Peng Gao,et al.  Mixed-organic-cation perovskite photovoltaics for enhanced solar-light harvesting. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[30]  Nam-Gyu Park,et al.  High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells Based on the Black Polymorph of HC(NH2)2PbI3 , 2014, Advanced materials.