Retracted: Transactivation of CCL20 gene by Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein 1

CCL20 is expected to play a crucial role in the initiation of immune responses and tumour growth. However, expression of CCL20 in Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐associated diseases has not been studied. We examined the contribution of EBV infection and EBV‐encoded latent membrane protein (LMP)‐1 to CCL20 expression. EBV infection and LMP‐1 induced CCL20 mRNA expression in the EBV‐negative Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cell lines and the embryonic kidney cell line. Histone deacetylase inhibitor‐stimulated endogenous LMP‐1 also induced CCL20 expression in an EBV‐positive BL cell line. Analysis of the CCL20 promoter showed that it was activated by LMP‐1 C‐terminal activation region (CTAR)‐1 and CTAR‐2. Co‐expression of IκBα, IκBβ, IκB kinase (IKK)α, IKKβ, IKKγ, nuclear factor (NF)‐κB‐inducing kinase and tumour necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 2 dominant‐negative constructs with LMP‐1 inhibited the activation of the CCL20 promoter by LMP‐1, suggesting that LMP‐1 induces CCL20 via NF‐κB signalling. The requirement for the NF‐κB‐binding site in the CCL20 promoter in LMP‐1 responsiveness was established. Our results indicate that activation of the NF‐κB pathway by LMP‐1 is required for the activation of CCL20 expression.

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