Craniosynostosis: a radiological and surgical perspective.

Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of the cranial sutures. It is identified early in life either due to cosmetic deformity or due to more serious functional complications. Isolated forms of craniosynostosis are much more common and less challenging in their management than their syndromic counterpart. Modern multislice computed tomography and 3D reconstructions have revolutionized surgical planning and follow-up. We review the radiological features of the craniosynostoses, complications, and associated conditions that may alter patient management. Common surgical techniques and postoperative appearances are illustrated in the article.

[1]  W. Reardon,et al.  A common mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene in Pfeiffer syndrome , 1994, Nature Genetics.

[2]  W. Reardon,et al.  Craniosynostosis associated with FGFR3 pro250arg mutation results in a range of clinical presentations including unisutural sporadic craniosynostosis. , 1997, Journal of medical genetics.

[3]  E. Zackai,et al.  Identical mutations in three different fibroblast growth factor receptor genes in autosomal dominant craniosynostosis syndromes , 1996, Nature Genetics.

[4]  Aap Task Force on Infant Positioning and Sids Positioning and SIDS , 1992, Pediatrics.

[5]  W. Reardon,et al.  Apert syndrome results from localized mutations of FGFR2 and is allelic with Crouzon syndrome , 1995, Nature Genetics.

[6]  J. Jayamohan,et al.  Abnormal venous drainage in syndromic craniosynostosis and the role of CT venography , 2008, Child's Nervous System.

[7]  L. Lane PIONEER CRANIECTOMY FOR RELIEF OF MENTAL IMBECILITY DUE TO PREMATURE SUTURAL CLOSURE AND MICROCEPHALUS. , 1892 .

[8]  H. Friede,et al.  Dynamic cranioplasty for brachycephaly. , 1996, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[9]  W. K. Chong,et al.  The beaten copper cranium: a correlation between intracranial pressure, cranial radiographs, and computed tomographic scans in children with craniosynostosis. , 1996, Neurosurgery.

[10]  John Kattwinkel,et al.  Prevention and management of positional skull deformities in infants. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Section on Plastic Surgery and Section on Neurological Surgery. , 2003, Pediatrics.

[11]  M. Cohen,et al.  Craniosynostoses: phenotypic/molecular correlations. , 1995, American journal of medical genetics.

[12]  Jayesh Panchal,et al.  Management of craniosynostosis. , 2003, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[13]  E. Jabs Toward understanding the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis through clinical and molecular correlates , 1998, Clinical genetics.

[14]  F. Brunelle,et al.  Hydrocephalus and craniosynostosis. , 1997, Journal of neurosurgery.

[15]  C. Bonaïti‐pellié,et al.  Genetic study of nonsyndromic coronal craniosynostosis. , 1995, American journal of medical genetics.

[16]  Joachim Mühling,et al.  Diagnostic imaging in the management of craniosynostoses , 2007, European Radiology.

[17]  V. Kimonis,et al.  Genetics of craniosynostosis. , 2007, Seminars in pediatric neurology.

[18]  M. Muenke,et al.  Fibroblast-growth-factor receptor mutations in human skeletal disorders. , 1995, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[19]  E. Haan,et al.  A unique point mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene (FGFR3) defines a new craniosynostosis syndrome. , 1997, American journal of human genetics.

[20]  P. Tessier The definitive plastic surgical treatment of the severe facial deformities of craniofacial dysostosis. Crouzon's and Apert's diseases. , 1971 .

[21]  Scott P Bartlett,et al.  Metopic Synostosis: Defining the Temporal Sequence of Normal Suture Fusion and Differentiating It from Synostosis on the Basis of Computed Tomography Images , 2003, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[22]  D. D. Matson,et al.  Craniosynostosis: a review of 519 surgical patients. , 1968, Pediatrics.

[23]  J. McCarthy,et al.  The effect of early fronto-orbital advancement on frontal sinus development and forehead aesthetics. , 1990, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[24]  K. L. Moore,et al.  Clinically Oriented Anatomy , 1985 .

[25]  Deborah Levine,et al.  Atlas of Fetal MRI , 2005 .

[26]  T. Menovsky,et al.  Intracranial nerve repair: a review of experimental and clinical studies. , 1996, Neurosurgical focus.

[27]  E. Sauerbrei,et al.  High-resolution sonography of the abnormal cranial suture , 1998, Pediatric Radiology.

[28]  Mark Proctor,et al.  Diagnosis and management of deformational plagiocephaly. , 2009, Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics.

[29]  D. Murray,et al.  Sagittal synostosis: a review of 53 cases of sagittal suturectomy in one unit. , 2007, Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS.

[30]  R. Hayward,et al.  Upper airway obstruction and raised intracranial pressure in children with craniosynostosis. , 1997, The European respiratory journal.

[31]  R. A. Schneider,et al.  Cranial skeletal biology , 2003, Nature.

[32]  E. Sauerbrei,et al.  Sonography of normal cranial sutures. , 1997, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[33]  J. Krauss,et al.  Hydrocephalus in craniosynostosis: a review , 2005, Child's Nervous System.

[34]  S. Blaser Abnormal skull shape , 2008, Pediatric Radiology.

[35]  E. Weinberger,et al.  Ultrasound screening of the lambdoid suture in the child with posterior plagiocephaly , 2003, Pediatric Radiology.

[36]  T. Luerssen,et al.  Prevention and management of positional skull deformities in infants. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Section on Plastic Surgery and Section on Neurological Surgery. , 2003, Pediatrics.

[37]  M W Vannier,et al.  Craniosynostosis: diagnostic value of three-dimensional CT reconstruction. , 1989, Radiology.

[38]  É. Arnaud,et al.  Classification of previously unclassified cases of craniosynostosis , 1997 .

[39]  G. Rodeheaver,et al.  Age as a critical factor in the success of surgical correction of craniosynostosis. , 1981, Journal of neurosurgery.

[40]  T.W.Sadler Langman's Medical Embryology , 1969 .

[41]  A. Otto Lehrbuch der Pathologischen Anatomie des Menschen und der Thiere , 1831, Edinburgh medical and surgical journal.

[42]  J. Ragheb,et al.  Anomalous venous drainage preventing safe posterior fossa decompression in patients with chiari malformation type I and multisutural craniosynostosis. Report of two cases and review of the literature. , 2007, Journal of neurosurgery.

[43]  C. Lauritzen,et al.  Spring-Assisted Cranioplasty vs Pi-Plasty for Sagittal Synostosis-A Long Term Follow-Up Study , 2008, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.

[44]  W. Reardon,et al.  Identical mutations in the FGFR2 gene cause both Pfeiffer and Crouzon syndrome phenotypes , 1995, Nature Genetics.

[45]  I. Pollack,et al.  Diagnosis and management of posterior plagiocephaly. , 1997, Pediatrics.

[46]  Arthur Yang,et al.  Evolution of Surgery for Sagittal Synostosis: The Role of New Technologies , 2009, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.

[47]  N. Rollins,et al.  MR Venography in Children with Complex Craniosynostosis , 2000, Pediatric Neurosurgery.

[48]  O. Crouzon La dysostose cranio-faciale héréditaire , 1935 .

[49]  N. Simanovsky,et al.  Effectiveness of ultrasonographic evaluation of the cranial sutures in children with suspected craniosynostosis , 2009, European Radiology.

[50]  M W Vannier,et al.  Plagiocephaly: Differential Diagnosis Based on Endocranial Morphology , 1996, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.