Advanced Power Sharing Method to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Multiple Battery Energy Storages System

A large scale energy storage system has become increasingly attractive and has been applied to various ancillary services. To serve energy for a longer time and to increase the profit of a multiple energy storages system, it should be operated considering each available energy source and the different efficiencies of the subordinate storages. This paper proposes a hierarchical control structure and three types of the power sharing methods for a multiple battery energy storages system. A maximum efficiency optimization method based on a piecewise linearized Lagrangian equation is suggested. In addition, a usable energy sharing algorithm is proposed to distribute the output power evenly according to the available energy of each battery. To improve the system availability, a combination algorithm that selects the appropriate control according to the situation is also proposed. The improvement in energy efficiency of the proposed methods is verified with a duty cycle test of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory by PSCAD/EMTDC.

[1]  Naehyuck Chang,et al.  Single-Source, Single-Destination Charge Migration in Hybrid Electrical Energy Storage Systems , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems.

[2]  Ratnesh K. Sharma,et al.  Improving Sustainability of Hybrid Energy Systems Part I: Incorporating Battery Round-Trip Efficiency and Operational Cost Factors , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[3]  J. Stevens,et al.  A study of lead-acid battery efficiency near top-of-charge and the impact on PV system design , 1996, Conference Record of the Twenty Fifth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1996.

[4]  Kevin L. Gering,et al.  Advanced Technology Development Program for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Gen 2 Performance Evaluation Final Report , 2006 .

[5]  David A. Schoenwald,et al.  Protocol for Uniformly Measuring and Expressing the Performance of Energy Storage Systems , 2016 .

[6]  Thomas A. Lipo,et al.  Pulse Width Modulation for Power Converters: Principles and Practice , 2003 .

[7]  Mikael Johansson,et al.  Piecewise linear control systems - a computational approach , 2002, Lecture notes in control and information sciences.

[8]  Robert Catell 1 Power the Fight : Capturing Smart Microgrid Potential for DoD Installation Energy Security , 2012 .

[9]  M. Sunwoo,et al.  Variable structure PWM controller for high efficient PV inverters , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies.

[10]  Hideaki Okazaki,et al.  On a piecewise linear enclosure method of continuous functions of many variables , 2014, 2014 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS).

[11]  Naehyuck Chang,et al.  Principles and Efficient Implementation of Charge Replacement in Hybrid Electrical Energy Storage Systems , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[12]  Chris Marnay,et al.  Integration of distributed energy resources. The CERTS Microgrid Concept , 2002 .

[13]  Bai Baodong,et al.  Inverter IGBT loss analysis and calculation , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT).

[14]  Min Chen,et al.  Accurate electrical battery model capable of predicting runtime and I-V performance , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[15]  Robert Lasseter,et al.  Smart Distribution: Coupled Microgrids , 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE.