An Introduction to Composite Materials: Strength of composites

The elastic behaviour of long- and short-fibre composites was described in Chapters 4 to 6. The stresses in the individual plies of a laminate under an external load and the stress distributions along short fibres were examined. This information is used to explore the ways in which a material suffers microstructural damage, leading to the ultimate failure of a component. There are two important aspects to this behaviour. Firstly, there is the deflection, degree of damage and ultimate failure of a component as a function of applied load. Secondly, there are the processes which cause absorption of energy within a composite material as it is strained. The latter determine the toughness of the material and are treated in Chapter 9. In the present chapter, attention is concentrated on predicting the applied stress at which damage and failure occur. The treatment is oriented towards long-fibre materials and laminates, and, in particular, towards polymer-based composites. Most of the principles apply equally to discontinuous reinforcement and other types of matrix. Some specific points concerning failure of such systems are dealt with in Chapter 9. Failure modes of long-fibre composites The application of an arbitrary stress state to a unidirectional lamina can lead to failure by one or more basic failure processes. The three most important types of failure are illustrated in Fig. 8.1. Large tensile stresses parallel to the fibres, σ 1 lead to fibre and matrix fracture, with the fracture path normal to the fibre direction.