Personnalité, caractère et tempérament : la structure translinguistique des traits

Resume Nous faisons un tour d'horizon des progres realises dans l'etude d'une question scientifique importante : quelle est la meilleure facon d'organiser et de structurer les attributs de la personnalite et du caractere ? Nous expliquons d'abord l'interet de l'etude du langage concernant la personnalite et le caractere et nous exposons ensuite les resultats les plus importants des etudes lexicales realisees dans 16 langues sur les descripteurs de la personnalite. Utilisant un large eventail de criteres pour evaluer les modeles structuraux, nous comparons les principaux modeles derives du lexique. Nous concluons que les structures uni- ou bifactorielles sont non seulement les plus economiques mais aussi les plus faciles a repliquer dans differentes cultures. Bien que des structures disposant de plus de facteurs (e.g. le « Big Five ») aient un avantage predictif, on ne peut affirmer aujourd'hui avec certitude qu'un modele lexical a cinq, six ou sept facteurs est plus generalisable a d'autres cultures. Il est souhaitable de developper un modele structural a plusieurs niveaux disposant de facettes specifiques mais aussi de facteurs globaux et independants, ainsi qu'un modele structural qui depasse les traits de la personnalite definis habituellement afin d'inclure une palette plus large de differences interindividuelles.

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