Elusive Learning - Using Learning Analytics to Support Reflective Sensemaking of Ill-Structured Ethical Problems: A Learner-Managed Dashboard Solution

Since the turn of the 21st century, we have seen a surge of studies on the state of U.S. education addressing issues such as cost, graduation rates, retention, achievement, engagement, and curricular outcomes. There is an expectation that graduates should be able to enter the workplace equipped to take on complex and “messy” or ill-structured problems as part of their professional and everyday life. In the context of online learning, we have identified two key issues that are elusive (hard to capture and make visible): learning with ill-structured problems and the interaction of social and individual learning. We believe that the intersection between learning and analytics has the potential, in the long-term, to minimize the elusiveness of deep learning. A proposed analytics model is described in this article that is meant to capture and also support further development of a learner’s reflective sensemaking.

[1]  David H. Jonassen,et al.  Learning to Solve Problems , 2003 .

[2]  Celestine A. Ntuen,et al.  Sensemaking and visualization for situation cognition , 2009 .

[3]  Janet McCracken,et al.  Modeling with Technology: Mindtools for Conceptual Change , 2007, J. Educ. Technol. Soc..

[4]  Tanya Elias,et al.  Learning Analytics: Definitions, Processes and Potential , 2011 .

[5]  Gary Klein,et al.  Making Sense of Sensemaking 1: Alternative Perspectives , 2006, IEEE Intelligent Systems.

[6]  S. A. Becker,et al.  NMC Horizon Report: 2016 Higher Education Edition , 2015 .

[7]  Yianna Vovides,et al.  Enabling Meaningful Certificates from Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs): A Data-Driven Curriculum E-Map Design Model , 2016 .

[8]  Design-Based Research: An Emerging Paradigm for Educational Inquiry , 2003 .

[9]  Larry Johnson,et al.  The NMC Horizon Report: 2012 Higher Education Edition. , 2012 .

[10]  Typology building for enhancing inclusiveness in e-learning , 2010 .

[11]  S. Jaramillo,et al.  Adams Becker, S.; Cummins, M.; Davis, A.; Freeman, A.; Hall Giesinger, C.; Ananthanarayanan, V. NMC Horizon Report: 2017 Higher Education Edition. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium, 2017 , 2017 .

[12]  Jane V. Wheeler,et al.  Philosophy as a Missing Link between Values and Behavior , 2000, Psychological reports.

[13]  Simon Buckingham Shum,et al.  Discourse-centric learning analytics , 2011, LAK.

[14]  J. Macfarlane Assessing the “reflective practitioner”: Pedagogic principles and certification needs , 1998 .

[15]  J. Sweller Cognitive Load Theory: Cognitive Load Theory: Recent Theoretical Advances , 2010 .

[16]  The Ethics of Dissent: The Case of David Kelly , 2012 .

[17]  Richard E. Mayer,et al.  Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning , 2021, The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning.

[18]  M. Malbrán The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning , 2007 .

[19]  Kent J. Crippen,et al.  Promoting Self-Regulation in Science Education: Metacognition as Part of a Broader Perspective on Learning , 2006 .

[20]  A. Langley Strategies for Theorizing from Process Data , 1999 .

[21]  David H. Jonassen,et al.  Instructional design models for well-structured and III-structured problem-solving learning outcomes , 1997 .

[22]  R. Moreno,et al.  Cognitive Load Theory: Cognitive Load Theory: Historical Development and Relation to Other Theories , 2010 .

[23]  Ann L. Brown,et al.  Psychological theory and the design of innovative learning environments: On procedures, principles, and systems. , 1996 .

[24]  Developing and Assessing Undergraduate Students' Moral Reasoning Skills , 2007 .

[25]  K. Weick,et al.  Organizing and the Process of Sensemaking , 2005 .

[26]  A. Bandura Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective. , 1999, Annual review of psychology.

[27]  Patricia M. King,et al.  The Reflective Judgment Model: Twenty years of research on epistemic cognition. , 2002 .

[28]  Marcela Borge,et al.  Supporting STEM Learning With Gaming Technologies: Principles For Effective Design , 2021, Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment.

[29]  J. Pellegrino,et al.  Education for Life and Work: Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in the 21st Century , 2013 .