Progress towards platform chemical production using Clostridium autoethanogenum.

Since 2013, there has been an explosion in the number of research articles published on Clostridium autoethanogenum, an acetogen capable of producing platform chemicals such as ethanol and 2,3-butanediol from greenhouse gases. However, no review focusing solely on C. autoethanogenum has appeared in the literature. This review outlines the research conducted into this organism in three broad categories (Enzymology, Genetics, and Systems Biology) and suggestions for future research are offered.

[1]  Thomas Millat,et al.  Whole genome sequence and manual annotation of Clostridium autoethanogenum, an industrially relevant bacterium , 2015, BMC Genomics.

[2]  James Daniell,et al.  Commercial Biomass Syngas Fermentation , 2012 .

[3]  Lonnie O. Ingram,et al.  Effect of organic acids on the growth and fermentation of ethanologenic Escherichia coli LY01. , 1999 .

[4]  J. Heap,et al.  The ClosTron: a universal gene knock-out system for the genus Clostridium. , 2007, Journal of microbiological methods.

[5]  C. Leang,et al.  The Rnf Complex of Clostridium ljungdahlii Is a Proton-Translocating Ferredoxin:NAD+ Oxidoreductase Essential for Autotrophic Growth , 2012, mBio.

[6]  B. Heijstra,et al.  Maintenance of ATP Homeostasis Triggers Metabolic Shifts in Gas-Fermenting Acetogens. , 2017, Cell systems.

[7]  E. B. Fred,et al.  OXIDATION AND REDUCTION RELATIONS BETWEEN SUBSTRATE AND PRODUCTS IN THE ACETONEBUTYL ALCOHOL FERMENTATION , 1931 .

[8]  Chiam Yu Ng,et al.  Metabolic modeling of clostridia: current developments and applications. , 2016, FEMS microbiology letters.

[9]  P. Dürre,et al.  Pathway engineering and synthetic biology using acetogens , 2012, FEBS letters.

[10]  Fuli Li,et al.  Coupled Ferredoxin and Crotonyl Coenzyme A (CoA) Reduction with NADH Catalyzed by the Butyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase/Etf Complex from Clostridium kluyveri , 2007, Journal of bacteriology.

[11]  Michael Köpke,et al.  2,3-Butanediol Production by Acetogenic Bacteria, an Alternative Route to Chemical Synthesis, Using Industrial Waste Gas , 2011, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[12]  E. Lander,et al.  Development and Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for Genome Engineering , 2014, Cell.

[13]  V. Müller,et al.  Biochemistry, evolution and physiological function of the Rnf complex, a novel ion-motive electron transport complex in prokaryotes , 2011, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.

[14]  Mari S. Chinn,et al.  Genome Sequence of the Autotrophic Acetogen Clostridium autoethanogenum JA1-1 Strain DSM 10061, a Producer of Ethanol from Carbon Monoxide , 2013, Genome Announcements.

[15]  S. Ragsdale,et al.  Acetogenesis and the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of CO(2) fixation. , 2008, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[16]  P. Dimroth,et al.  Structural Investigations of the Membrane-Embedded Rotor Ring of the F-ATPase from Clostridium paradoxum , 2006, Journal of bacteriology.

[17]  P. Dürre,et al.  Clostridium ljungdahlii represents a microbial production platform based on syngas , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[18]  J. Colprim,et al.  Impact of formate on the growth and productivity of Clostridium ljungdahlii PETC and Clostridium carboxidivorans P7 grown on syngas. , 2014, International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology.

[19]  Bernhard O. Palsson,et al.  Context-Specific Metabolic Networks Are Consistent with Experiments , 2008, PLoS Comput. Biol..

[20]  V. Müller,et al.  A novel mode of lactate metabolism in strictly anaerobic bacteria. , 2015, Environmental microbiology.

[21]  Lake-Ee Quek,et al.  Low carbon fuels and commodity chemicals from waste gases – systematic approach to understand energy metabolism in a model acetogen , 2016 .

[22]  V. Müller,et al.  Bacterial Na+-translocating ferredoxin:NAD+ oxidoreductase , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[23]  E. Jayamani,et al.  Energy Conservation via Electron-Transferring Flavoprotein in Anaerobic Bacteria , 2007, Journal of bacteriology.

[24]  V. Müller,et al.  Autotrophy at the thermodynamic limit of life: a model for energy conservation in acetogenic bacteria , 2014, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[25]  A. Bar‐Even,et al.  The formate bio-economy. , 2016, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[26]  K. Winzer,et al.  Metabolic engineering of Clostridium autoethanogenum for selective alcohol production , 2017, Metabolic engineering.

[27]  Ron Milo,et al.  eQuilibrator—the biochemical thermodynamics calculator , 2011, Nucleic Acids Res..

[28]  P. Boyer.  The ATP synthase--a splendid molecular machine. , 1997, Annual review of biochemistry.

[29]  K. Winzer,et al.  Insights into CO2 Fixation Pathway of Clostridium autoethanogenum by Targeted Mutagenesis , 2016, mBio.

[30]  R. Thauer,et al.  NADP-Specific Electron-Bifurcating [FeFe]-Hydrogenase in a Functional Complex with Formate Dehydrogenase in Clostridium autoethanogenum Grown on CO , 2013, Journal of bacteriology.

[31]  V. Müller,et al.  Purification of ATP synthase from Acetobacterium woodii and identification as a Na(+)-translocating F1F0-type enzyme. , 1994, European journal of biochemistry.

[32]  J. Bailey,et al.  Transport of lactate and acetate through the energized cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli , 1995, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[33]  Henry Naveau,et al.  Clostridium autoethanogenum, sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium that produces ethanol from carbon monoxide , 1994, Archives of Microbiology.

[34]  J. Morrissey,et al.  Comparison of the Regulation, Metabolic Functions, and Roles in Virulence of the Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Homologues gapA and gapB in Staphylococcus aureus , 2010, Infection and Immunity.

[35]  R. Thauer,et al.  Energy conservation via electron bifurcating ferredoxin reduction and proton/Na(+) translocating ferredoxin oxidation. , 2013, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[36]  C. Kennes,et al.  Carbon monoxide fermentation to ethanol by Clostridium autoethanogenum in a bioreactor with no accumulation of acetic acid. , 2015, Bioresource technology.

[37]  J. L. Cotter,et al.  Ethanol and acetate production by Clostridium ljungdahlii and Clostridium autoethanogenum using resting cells , 2009, Bioprocess and biosystems engineering.

[38]  V. Müller,et al.  Bioenergetic constraints for conversion of syngas to biofuels in acetogenic bacteria , 2015, Biotechnology for Biofuels.

[39]  Kaspar Valgepea,et al.  Arginine deiminase pathway provides ATP and boosts growth of the gas-fermenting acetogen Clostridium autoethanogenum. , 2017, Metabolic engineering.

[40]  Volker Müller,et al.  Genetic, immunological and biochemical evidence for a Rnf complex in the acetogen Acetobacterium woodii. , 2009, Environmental microbiology.

[41]  D. Higgins,et al.  Fast, scalable generation of high-quality protein multiple sequence alignments using Clustal Omega , 2011, Molecular systems biology.

[42]  L. Ljungdahl,et al.  Total synthesis of acetate from CO2 by heterotrophic bacteria. , 1969, Annual review of microbiology.

[43]  S. Aymerich,et al.  Two Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenases with Opposite Physiological Roles in a Nonphotosynthetic Bacterium* , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[44]  L. T. Angenent,et al.  Traits of selected Clostridium strains for syngas fermentation to ethanol , 2016, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[45]  Christian Kennes,et al.  Biological conversion of carbon monoxide to ethanol: effect of pH, gas pressure, reducing agent and yeast extract. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[46]  Wayne Mitchell,et al.  Comparison of single-molecule sequencing and hybrid approaches for finishing the genome of Clostridium autoethanogenum and analysis of CRISPR systems in industrial relevant Clostridia , 2014, Biotechnology for Biofuels.

[47]  C. Kennes,et al.  Impact of cyclic pH shifts on carbon monoxide fermentation to ethanol by Clostridium autoethanogenum , 2016 .

[48]  M. Paget,et al.  A novel sensor of NADH/NAD+ redox poise in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) , 2003, The EMBO journal.

[49]  L. T. Angenent,et al.  Ethanol production in syngas-fermenting Clostridium ljungdahlii is controlled by thermodynamics rather than by enzyme expression , 2016 .

[50]  Nigel P. Minton,et al.  Integration of DNA into bacterial chromosomes from plasmids without a counter-selection marker , 2012, Nucleic acids research.

[51]  S. Nagaraju,et al.  Energy Conservation Associated with Ethanol Formation from H2 and CO2 in Clostridium autoethanogenum Involving Electron Bifurcation , 2015, Journal of bacteriology.

[52]  A. Serrano,et al.  Expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant nonphosphorylating NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Clostridium acetobutylicum. , 2002, Protein expression and purification.

[53]  D. M. Ivey,et al.  Purification and reconstitution into proteoliposomes of the F1F0 ATP synthase from the obligately anaerobic gram-positive bacterium Clostridium thermoautotrophicum , 1997, Journal of bacteriology.

[54]  G. Gottschalk,et al.  A sodium‐stimulated ATP synthase in the acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii , 1991, FEBS letters.

[55]  E. Myers,et al.  Basic local alignment search tool. , 1990, Journal of molecular biology.