Self-healing: A new paradigm in materials design

Abstract Self-healing materials, when damaged, are designed to sense the failure and respond in an autonomous fashion to restore structural function. Inspired by biological systems, synthetic self-healing materials represent a new paradigm in the design of polymer based composites. This overview article summarizes the different strategies and approaches to achieving self-healing functionality and discusses future directions in the nascent field. The strategies are broadly classified into the following three categories: healing with an embedded liquid phase repair agent, thermally activated solid phase healing, and healing of projectile puncture.

[1]  N. Sottos,et al.  In situ poly(urea-formaldehyde) microencapsulation of dicyclopentadiene , 2003, Journal of microencapsulation.

[2]  N. Sottos,et al.  Self-healing structural composite materials , 2003 .

[3]  John A. Nairn,et al.  2.12 – Matrix Microcracking in Composites , 2000 .

[4]  N. Sottos,et al.  Wax‐Protected Catalyst Microspheres for Efficient Self‐Healing Materials , 2005 .

[5]  Y. Lee,et al.  In-situ crack propagation observation of a particle reinforced polymer composite using the double cleavage drilled compression specimens , 2006 .

[6]  Ramesh Talreja,et al.  Fatigue damage mechanisms in unidirectional carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics , 1999 .

[7]  Anna C. Balazs,et al.  Using nanocomposite coatings to heal surface defects , 2004 .

[8]  A. Koul,et al.  A tapered double-cantilever-beam specimen designed for constant-K testing at elevated temperatures , 1997 .

[9]  R. Grubbs,et al.  Rate acceleration in olefin metathesis through a fluorine-ruthenium interaction. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[10]  J. Lewis,et al.  Fugitive Inks for Direct‐Write Assembly of Three‐Dimensional Microvascular Networks , 2005 .

[11]  R. Grubbs,et al.  Synthesis and activity of a new generation of ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts coordinated with 1,3-dimesityl-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene ligands. , 1999, Organic letters.

[12]  Paula Gould,et al.  Self-help for ailing structures , 2003 .

[13]  H. Mark,et al.  Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering , 1985 .

[14]  Simon A. Hayes,et al.  A self-healing thermosetting composite material , 2007 .

[15]  N. Sottos,et al.  Retardation and repair of fatigue cracks in a microcapsule toughened epoxy composite—Part II: In situ self-healing , 2005 .

[16]  Kent A. Murphy,et al.  Methods for integrating optical fibers with advanced aerospace materials , 1993, Smart Structures.

[17]  Fabrizio Greco,et al.  Continuum Damage-healing Mechanics with Application to Self-healing Composites , 2005 .

[18]  M. R. Kessler,et al.  Thermal analysis of ring‐opening metathesis polymerized healing agents , 2007 .

[19]  Jeffrey S. Moore,et al.  Radical polymerization initiated by Bergman cyclization. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[20]  I. Bond,et al.  A hollow fibre reinforced polymer composite encompassing self-healing and enhanced damage visibility , 2005 .

[21]  Victor Giurgiutiu,et al.  Theoretical and experimental investigation of magnetostrictive composite beams , 2001 .

[22]  Anna C. Balazs,et al.  Entropy-driven segregation of nanoparticles to cracks in multilayered composite polymer structures , 2006 .

[23]  Martin Veidt,et al.  Modelling the input-output behaviour of piezoelectric structural health monitoring systems for composite plates , 2003 .

[24]  Jennifer A Love,et al.  Synthesis, structure, and activity of enhanced initiators for olefin metathesis. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[25]  Keith B. Armstrong,et al.  Care and Repair of Advanced Composites, Second Edition , 2005 .

[26]  R. Grubbs,et al.  Reactivity of Ru(H)(H2)Cl(PCy3)2 with Propargyl and Vinyl Chlorides: New Methodology To Give Metathesis-Active Ruthenium Carbenes , 1997 .

[27]  Anna C. Balazs,et al.  Healing Surface Defects with Nanoparticle-Filled Polymer Coatings: Effect of Particle Geometry , 2005 .

[28]  M. P. Stevens.  Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction , 1975 .

[29]  L M Sim,et al.  Damage detection and assessment in fibre-reinforced composite structures with embedded fibre optic sensors-review , 2002 .

[30]  C. Slugovc.  The Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerisation Toolbox , 2004 .

[31]  Naoki Takano,et al.  Intelligent Material Systems Using Epoxy Particles to Repair Microcracks and Delamination Damage in GFRP , 1999 .

[32]  Ramesh Talreja,et al.  Damage development in composites: Mechanisms and modelling , 1989 .

[33]  Sanboh Lee,et al.  Ethanol‐induced crack healing in poly(methyl methacrylate) , 1994 .

[34]  Jeffrey S. Moore,et al.  Catalyst morphology and dissolution kinetics of self-healing polymers , 2006 .

[35]  Nobuo Takeda,et al.  Application of chirped fiber Bragg grating sensors for identification of crack locations in composites , 2004 .

[36]  S. Nutt,et al.  A Thermally Re-mendable Cross-Linked Polymeric Material , 2002, Science.

[37]  J. W. Ziller,et al.  Eine Reihe definierter Metathesekatalysatoren – Synthese von und Reaktionen mit [RuCl2 ( CHR′)(PR3)2] , 1995 .

[38]  Michael R. Kessler,et al.  Cure kinetics of the ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of dicyclopentadiene , 2002 .

[39]  Jennifer M. English,et al.  A flexible, self-healing sensor skin , 2006 .

[40]  N. Sottos,et al.  Autonomic healing of polymer composites , 2001, Nature.

[41]  Paolo Lonetti,et al.  Application of Continuum Damage Healing Mechanics to Self-Healing Composites , 2003 .

[42]  Dahsin Liu,et al.  Repairability of Impact-Induced Damage in SMC Composites , 1993 .

[43]  B.S. Bernstein,et al.  Assessment of self-healing polymer technology for utility overhead applications , 2006, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine.

[44]  N. Sottos,et al.  Microcapsule induced toughening in a self-healing polymer composite , 2004 .

[45]  Philippe H. Geubelle,et al.  Continuum and Molecular-Level Modeling of Fatigue Crack Retardation in Self-Healing Polymers , 2006 .

[46]  Philippe H. Geubelle,et al.  Cohesive modeling of fatigue crack retardation in polymers: Crack closure effect , 2006 .

[47]  Fumiaki Kawano,et al.  Shape recovery of shape memory alloy fiber embedded resin matrix smart composite after crack repair. , 2003, Dental materials journal.

[48]  Chia-Yun Hsieh,et al.  Crosslinked epoxy materials exhibiting thermal remendablility and removability from multifunctional maleimide and furan compounds , 2006 .

[49]  Ramesh Talreja,et al.  Damage mechanics of composite materials , 1994 .

[50]  Carolyn M. Dry,et al.  Crack and damage assessment in concrete and polymer matrices using liquids released internally from hollow optical fibers , 1996, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[51]  B. Zhou.  Some progress in the biomimetic study of composite materials , 1996 .

[52]  Thomas C. Ward,et al.  Self-Healing of Poly(Ethylene-co-Methacrylic Acid) Copolymers Following Projectile Puncture , 2007 .

[53]  U. Vaidya,et al.  Parametric studies on self-repairing approaches for resin infused composites subjected to low velocity impact , 1999 .

[54]  Nancy R. Sottos,et al.  Passive smart self-repair in polymer matrix composite materials , 1993, Smart Structures.

[55]  Steve Weiner,et al.  THE MATERIAL BONE: Structure-Mechanical Function Relations , 1998 .

[56]  J. G. Williams,et al.  Fracture mechanics studies of crack healing and welding of polymers , 1981 .

[57]  Carolyn M. Dry,et al.  Procedures developed for self-repair of polymer matrix composite materials , 1996 .

[58]  B. Blaiszik,et al.  Nanocapsules for self-healing composites , 2006 .

[59]  N. Sottos,et al.  An elastomeric self-healing material , 2006 .

[60]  N. Sottos,et al.  Retardation and repair of fatigue cracks in a microcapsule toughened epoxy composite – Part I: Manual infiltration , 2005 .

[61]  H. Carlson,et al.  Basic materials research programs at the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research , 2006 .

[62]  R. Heslehurst.  CHALLENGES IN THE REPAIR OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES : PART II , 1997 .

[63]  Michael R. Kessler,et al.  Rheokinetics of ring-opening metathesis polymerization of norbornene-based monomers intended for self-healing applications , 2006 .

[64]  N. Sottos,et al.  In situ poly(urea-formaldehyde) microencapsulation of dicyclopentadiene , 2003 .

[65]  Yasuhide Shindo,et al.  Transverse tensile strength of unidirectional fibre-reinforced polymers and self-healing of interfacial debonding , 2006 .

[66]  J. Lewis,et al.  Direct writing in three dimensions , 2004 .

[67]  N. Sottos,et al.  Fracture testing of a self-healing polymer composite , 2002 .

[68]  T. Chou,et al.  Carbon Nanotube Networks: Sensing of Distributed Strain and Damage for Life Prediction and Self Healing , 2006 .

[69]  Geert Carmeliet,et al.  Placental growth factor mediates mesenchymal cell development, cartilage turnover, and bone remodeling during fracture repair. , 2006, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[70]  Xiaoming Wang.  Shape memory alloy volume fraction of pre-stretched shape memory alloy wire-reinforced composites for structural damage repair , 2002 .

[71]  Masayuki Yamaguchi,et al.  Self-repairing property of polymer network with dangling chains , 2007 .

[72]  S. Wiederhorn,et al.  Crack Healing in Glass , 1970 .

[73]  Ian Bond,et al.  Optimisation of Hollow Glass Fibres and their Composites , 1999 .

[74]  Anna C Balazs,et al.  Using nanoparticles to create self-healing composites. , 2004, The Journal of chemical physics.

[75]  Sia Nemat-Nasser,et al.  Self-healing structural composites with electromagnetic functionality , 2003, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[76]  Mitsuru Tanahashi,et al.  Self-repairing mechanism of plastics , 2003 .

[77]  Jeffrey S. Moore,et al.  Polymerizations initiated by diradicals from cycloaromatization reactions , 2005 .

[78]  Wilson,et al.  Semicrystalline Polymers via Ring-Opening Polymerization: Preparation and Polymerization of Alkylene Phthalate Cyclic Oligomers. , 1998, Macromolecules.

[79]  I. Bond,et al.  Biomimetic self-healing of advanced composite structures using hollow glass fibres , 2006 .

[80]  Gerard Franklyn Fernando,et al.  Fibre optic sensor systems for monitoring composite structures , 2005 .

[81]  Hiroyuki Ono,et al.  Micromechanical Analysis of Crack Closure Mechanism for Intelligent Material Containing TiNi Fibers , 2002 .

[82]  J. Lewis,et al.  Chaotic mixing in three-dimensional microvascular networks fabricated by direct-write assembly , 2003, Nature materials.

[83]  L. C. Brinson,et al.  Finite element simulation of a self-healing shape memory alloy composite , 2006 .

[84]  H. Kausch,et al.  Load transfer through chain molecules after interpenetration at interfaces , 1979 .

[85]  Scott R White,et al.  Self-healing kinetics and the stereoisomers of dicyclopentadiene , 2007, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[86]  S. White,et al.  Self‐Healing Polymer Coatings , 2009 .

[87]  R. Grubbs,et al.  Synthesis and Reactivity of Neutral and Cationic Ruthenium(II) Tris(pyrazolyl)borate Alkylidenes , 1998 .

[88]  Kimberly J. Suchar-Buell.  Structural Repair of Composites , 1993, Engineering Plastics.

[89]  S. White,et al.  Self-activated healing of delamination damage in woven composites , 2001 .

[90]  Robert H. Grubbs,et al.  Recent advances in olefin metathesis and its application in organic synthesis , 1998 .

[91]  Joseph D. Rule,et al.  ROMP Reactivity of endo- and exo-Dicyclopentadiene , 2002 .

[92]  Eric Chesmar,et al.  Care and Repair of Advanced Composites , 1997 .

[93]  Tao Yin,et al.  Self-healing epoxy composites – Preparation and effect of the healant consisting of microencapsulated epoxy and latent curing agent , 2007 .

[94]  R. Fall.  Puncture Reversal of Polyethylene Ionomers - Mechanistic Studies , 2001 .

[95]  S. Dehm,et al.  Fast, in-situ repair of aircraft panel components , 1989 .

[96]  Cure characterization and viscosity development of ring-opening metathesis polymerized resins , 2006 .

[97]  R. Grubbs,et al.  Synthesis and activity of ruthenium alkylidene complexes coordinated with phosphine and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[98]  Adrian Bejan,et al.  Vascularized materials: Tree-shaped flow architectures matched canopy to canopy , 2006 .

[99]  Jr. Stephen James Kalista.  Self-Healing of Thermoplastic Poly(Ethylene-co-Methacrylic Acid) Copolymers Following Projectile Puncture , 2004 .

[100]  Kevin J Frankowski,et al.  Grubbs' catalyst in paraffin: an air-stable preparation for alkene metathesis. , 2003, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[101]  J. Ziller,et al.  Synthesis and Applications of RuCl2(CHR‘)(PR3)2: The Influence of the Alkylidene Moiety on Metathesis Activity , 1996 .

[102]  Adrian Bejan,et al.  Vascularized networks with two optimized channel sizes , 2006 .

[103]  Sung Ho Yoon,et al.  Characterization of dicyclopentadiene and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene as self-healing agents for polymer composite and its microcapsules , 2004 .

[104]  I. Bond,et al.  'Bleeding composites' - damage detection and self-repair using a biomimetic approach , 2005 .

[105]  P. Curtis,et al.  A smart repair system for polymer matrix composites , 2001 .

[106]  R. Grubbs.  Olefin-metathesis catalysts for the preparation of molecules and materials (Nobel Lecture). , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[107]  Sung-Youl Cho,et al.  Crack Healing in Polymeric Materials via Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition , 2004 .

[108]  Adrian Bejan,et al.  Networks of channels for self-healing composite materials , 2006 .

[109]  M. Inagaki,et al.  Work of Fracture and Crack Healing in Glass , 1985 .

[110]  Nancy R. Sottos,et al.  Polydimethylsiloxane‐Based Self‐Healing Materials , 2006 .

[111]  P. Gould.  Smart, clean surfaces , 2003 .

[112]  Carolyn M. Dry.  Adhesive liquid core optical fibers for crack detection and repairs in polymer and concrete matrices , 1995, Smart Structures.

[113]  Ajit K. Mal,et al.  New Thermally Remendable Highly Cross-Linked Polymeric Materials , 2003 .

[114]  Joseph W. Ziller,et al.  A Series of Well‐Defined Metathesis Catalysts–Synthesis of [RuCl2(CHR′)(PR3)2] and Its Reactions , 1995 .

[115]  R. Wool,et al.  A theory crack healing in polymers , 1981 .

[116]  Michael R. Kessler,et al.  Characterization of diene monomers as healing agents for autonomic damage repair , 2006 .

[117]  Nancy R. Sottos,et al.  Mechanical Properties of Microcapsules Used in a Self-Healing Polymer , 2006 .