CoNTe: A Core Network Temporal Blockchain for 5G

Virtual Network Functions allow the effective separation between hardware and network functionality, a strong paradigm shift from previously tightly integrated monolithic, vendor, and technology dependent deployments. In this virtualized paradigm, all aspects of network operations can be made to deploy on demand, dynamically scale, as well as be shared and interworked in ways that mirror behaviors of general cloud computing. To date, although seeing rising demand, distributed ledger technology remains largely incompatible in such elastic deployments, by its nature as functioning as an immutable record store. This work focuses on the structural incompatibility of current blockchain designs and proposes a novel, temporal blockchain design built atop federated byzantine agreement, which has the ability to dynamically scale and be packaged as a Virtual Network Function (VNF) for the 5G Core.

[1]  Satoshi Nakamoto Bitcoin : A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System , 2009 .

[2]  Miklós Ajtai,et al.  Generating hard instances of lattice problems (extended abstract) , 1996, STOC '96.

[3]  Ethan Buchman,et al.  Tendermint: Byzantine Fault Tolerance in the Age of Blockchains , 2016 .

[4]  A. M. Abdullah,et al.  Wireless lan medium access control (mac) and physical layer (phy) specifications , 1997 .

[5]  Marko Vukolić,et al.  Rethinking Permissioned Blockchains , 2017 .

[6]  Oscar Novo,et al.  Blockchain Meets IoT: An Architecture for Scalable Access Management in IoT , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[7]  David Mazières The Stellar Consensus Protocol : A Federated Model for Internet-level Consensus , 2015 .

[8]  Voon Chin Phua,et al.  Wireless lan medium access control (mac) and physical layer (phy) specifications , 1999 .

[9]  Martin B. H. Weiss,et al.  On the Application of Blockchains to Spectrum Management , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking.

[10]  Stuart Haber,et al.  How to time-stamp a digital document , 1990, Journal of Cryptology.

[11]  Timothy A. K. Zakian,et al.  The Libra Blockchain , 2019 .

[12]  Nancy A. Lynch,et al.  Impossibility of distributed consensus with one faulty process , 1983, PODS '83.

[13]  Jiaheng Wang,et al.  Blockchain Radio Access Network (B-RAN): Towards Decentralized Secure Radio Access Paradigm , 2019, IEEE Access.

[14]  Werasak Kurutach,et al.  State of the art and challenges facing consensus protocols on blockchain , 2018, 2018 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN).

[15]  David Schwartz,et al.  The Ripple Protocol Consensus Algorithm , 2014 .

[16]  F. Richard Yu,et al.  A Survey on the Scalability of Blockchain Systems , 2019, IEEE Network.

[17]  Chunyan Miao,et al.  Using blockchain to build trusted LoRaWAN sharing server , 2017 .

[18]  Minho Jo,et al.  Blockchain-Based Intelligent Network Management for 5G and Beyond , 2019, 2019 3rd International Conference on Advanced Information and Communications Technologies (AICT).

[19]  Ren Ping Liu,et al.  Survey: Sharding in Blockchains , 2020, IEEE Access.

[20]  Roberto Riggio,et al.  Blockchain-based Infrastructure Sharing in 5G Small Cell Networks , 2018, 2018 14th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM).

[21]  Nikos Fotiou,et al.  Blockchain-Assisted Information Distribution for the Internet of Things , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (IRI).

[22]  Vitalik Buterin,et al.  Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget , 2017, ArXiv.

[23]  Morteza Mehrnoush,et al.  Analytical Modeling of Wi-Fi and LTE-LAA Coexistence: Throughput and Impact of Energy Detection Threshold , 2018, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[24]  Stefan Dziembowski,et al.  General State Channel Networks , 2018, CCS.

[25]  Ittai Abraham,et al.  HotStuff: BFT Consensus in the Lens of Blockchain , 2018, 1803.05069.

[26]  Tim Weingärtner,et al.  Tokenization of physical assets and the impact of IoT and , 2022 .