Interactive Team Cognition

Cognition in work teams has been predominantly understood and explained in terms of shared cognition with a focus on the similarity of static knowledge structures across individual team members. Inspired by the current zeitgeist in cognitive science, as well as by empirical data and pragmatic concerns, we offer an alternative theory of team cognition. Interactive Team Cognition (ITC) theory posits that (1) team cognition is an activity, not a property or a product; (2) team cognition should be measured and studied at the team level; and (3) team cognition is inextricably tied to context. There are implications of ITC for theory building, modeling, measurement, and applications that make teams more effective performers.

[1]  J. Hackman.  Learning more by crossing levels: evidence from airplanes, hospitals, and orchestras , 2003 .

[2]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Team cognition in experienced command-and-control teams. , 2007, Journal of experimental psychology. Applied.

[3]  E. Hutchins.  Cognition in the wild , 1995 .

[4]  Dustin K. Jundt,et al.  Teams in organizations: from input-process-output models to IMOI models. , 2005, Annual review of psychology.

[5]  Leslie A. DeChurch,et al.  The cognitive underpinnings of effective teamwork: a meta-analysis. , 2010, The Journal of applied psychology.

[6]  I. Steiner.  Group process and productivity , 1972 .

[7]  Elliot E. Entin,et al.  Adaptive Team Coordination , 1999, Hum. Factors.

[8]  J. Hackman,et al.  The design of work teams , 1987 .

[9]  Keith Davids,et al.  Information-governing dynamics of attacker–defender interactions in youth rugby union , 2008, Journal of sports sciences.

[10]  C. Burke,et al.  The impact of cross-training on team effectiveness. , 2002, The Journal of applied psychology.

[11]  E. Salas,et al.  Reflections on shared cognition , 2001 .

[12]  Paul E. Spector,et al.  The Impact of Cross-Training on Team Functioning: An Empirical Investigation , 1996, Hum. Factors.

[13]  Ian M Franks,et al.  Sport competition as a dynamical self-organizing system , 2002, Journal of sports sciences.

[14]  J. R Hackman.  Learning more from crossing levels: Evidence from airplanes, orchestras, and hospitals , 2003 .

[15]  E. Salas,et al.  Shared mental models in expert team decision making. , 1993 .

[16]  I. Janis.  Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes , 1982 .

[17]  A. Newell.  Unified Theories of Cognition , 1990 .

[18]  C. D. Green.  Darwinian theory, functionalism, and the first American psychological revolution. , 2009, The American psychologist.

[19]  Dirk Helbing,et al.  Collective Information Processing and Pattern Formation in Swarms, Flocks, and Crowds , 2009, Top. Cogn. Sci..

[20]  B. Nardi.  Context and consciousness: activity theory and human-computer interaction , 1995 .

[21]  J. Gibson.  The Senses Considered As Perceptual Systems , 1967 .

[22]  Scott Snook,et al.  Friendly Fire: The Accidental Shootdown of U.S. Black Hawks over Northern Iraq , 2002 .

[23]  Benjamin Bell,et al.  Computational Representations and Methods for Modeling Teams , 2008 .

[24]  Holly Arrow,et al.  Small Groups as Complex Systems: Formation, Coordination, Development, and Adaptation , 2000 .

[25]  Gwendolyn E. Campbell,et al.  Measuring teamwork mental models to support training needs assessment, development, and evaluation: two empirical studies† , 2001 .

[26]  HERBERT A. SIMON,et al.  The Architecture of Complexity , 1991 .

[27]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Measuring Patterns in Team Interaction Sequences Using a Discrete Recurrence Approach , 2012, Hum. Factors.

[28]  J. Mathieu,et al.  The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance. , 2000, The Journal of applied psychology.

[29]  E. Wenger.  Communities of practice: learning as a social system , 1998 .

[30]  Peter W. Foltz,et al.  Automated Communication Analysis of Teams , 2008 .

[31]  A. Chemero.  Radical Embodied Cognitive Science , 2009 .

[32]  J. Angell.  The province of functional psychology , 2011 .

[33]  R. Schmidt,et al.  New Conceptualizations of Practice: Common Principles in Three Paradigms Suggest New Concepts for Training , 1992 .

[34]  M. Bakhtin,et al.  Speech genres and other late essays , 1986 .

[35]  Gilad Chen,et al.  Toward a Systems Theory of Motivated Behavior in Work Teams , 2006 .

[36]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Measuring team situation awareness in decentralized command and control environments , 2006, Ergonomics.

[37]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  Measuring Shared and Team Situation Awareness in the Army's Future Objective Force , 2003 .

[38]  Edwin Hutchins,et al.  How a Cockpit Remembers Its Speeds , 1995, Cogn. Sci..

[39]  Robert L. Goldstone,et al.  Collective Behavior , 2002 .

[40]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Interaction-Based Measures of Cognitive Systems , 2009 .

[41]  James V. Wertsch,et al.  The primacy of mediated action in sociocultural studies. , 2009 .

[42]  G. Ryle,et al.  心的概念 = The concept of mind , 1962 .

[43]  J. A. Cheyne,et al.  Dialogue, Difference and Voice in the Zone of Proximal Development , 1999 .

[44]  Janice Langan-Fox,et al.  Team Mental Models: Techniques, Methods, and Analytic Approaches , 2000, Hum. Factors.

[45]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  The Role of Individual and Team Cognition in Uninhabited Air Vehicle Command-and-Control , 2004 .

[46]  Leslie A. DeChurch,et al.  Thinking in Terms of Multiteam Systems , 2008 .

[47]  Tzu-Hsien Lee.  Maximum Isometric Lifting Strengths of Men in Teamwork , 2004, Hum. Factors.

[48]  C. Gersick,et al.  Habitual routines in task-performing groups. , 1990, Organizational behavior and human decision processes.

[49]  Anne P. Massey,et al.  Because Time Matters: Temporal Coordination in Global Virtual Project Teams , 2003, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[50]  James V. Wertsch,et al.  A sociocultural approach to socially shared cognition , 1991, Perspectives on socially shared cognition.

[51]  J. Dewey.  The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology , 2011 .

[52]  G. Knoblich,et al.  Action coordination in groups and individuals: learning anticipatory control. , 2003, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[53]  Gyewan Moon,et al.  Business ideologies and perceived breach of contract during downsizing: the role of the ideology of employee self-reliance , 2003 .

[54]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Team coordination dynamics. , 2010, Nonlinear dynamics, psychology, and life sciences.

[55]  Stanley C. Collyer,et al.  Tactical decision making under stress: History and overview. , 1998 .

[56]  L. S. Vygotskiĭ,et al.  Ape, Primitive Man, and Child Essays in the History of Behavior , 1992 .

[57]  Reijo Miettinen,et al.  Perspectives on activity theory: Frontmatter , 1999 .

[58]  Susannah B. F. Paletz,et al.  The Breakdown of Coordinated Decision Making in Distributed Systems , 2010, Hum. Factors.

[59]  S. Kozlowski,et al.  Multilevel Theory, Research, a n d M e t h o d s i n Organizations Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions , 2022 .

[60]  Edwin Hutchins,et al.  Modeling the Emergence of Language as an Embodied Collective Cognitive Activity , 2009, Top. Cogn. Sci..

[61]  Eduardo Salas,et al.  Team Effectiveness in Complex Organizations: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives and Approaches , 2008 .

[62]  Seth A. Kaplan,et al.  The benefits of flexible team interaction during crises. , 2009, The Journal of applied psychology.

[63]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  An Ecological Perspective on Team Cognition , 2004 .

[64]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Measuring Team Knowledge During Skill Acquisition of a Complex Task , 2001 .

[65]  Eduardo Salas,et al.  The Measurement of Team Process , 1995, Hum. Factors.

[66]  Yvonne Rogers,et al.  Distributed Cognition and Communication. , 2006 .

[67]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Acquisition and Retention of Team Coordination in Command-and-Control , 2007 .

[68]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Measuring Team Knowledge: A Window to the Cognitive Underpinnings of Team Performance , 2003 .

[69]  Janice Langan-Fox,et al.  Mental models, team mental models, and performance: Process, development, and future directions , 2004 .

[70]  H. Simon,et al.  American Association for Public Opinion Research Bandwagon and Underdog Effects and the Possibility of Election Predictions , 2009 .

[71]  Allen and Rosenbloom Paul S. Newell,et al.  Mechanisms of Skill Acquisition and the Law of Practice , 1993 .

[72]  W. James,et al.  The Principles of Psychology. , 1983 .

[73]  Luís M. A. Bettencourt,et al.  The Rules of Information Aggregation and Emergence of Collective Intelligent Behavior , 2009, Top. Cogn. Sci..

[74]  K. Williams,et al.  Many Hands Make Light the Work: The Causes and Consequences of Social Loafing , 1979 .

[75]  Michael J. Richardson,et al.  Social Connection Through Joint Action and Interpersonal Coordination , 2009, Top. Cogn. Sci..

[76]  A. Hollingshead.  Communication, Learning, and Retrieval in Transactive Memory Systems☆☆☆ , 1998 .

[77]  Arnold M. Howitt,et al.  Katrina as Prelude: Preparing for and Responding to Katrina-Class Disturbances in the United States -- Testimony to U.S. Senate Committee, March 8, 2006 , 2006 .

[78]  Daniel R. Ilgen,et al.  Enhancing the Effectiveness of Work Groups and Teams , 2006, Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society.

[79]  Frank E. Ritter,et al.  A preliminary model of participation for small groups , 2010, Comput. Math. Organ. Theory.

[80]  Daniel C. Richardson,et al.  Conversation and Coordinative Structures , 2009, Top. Cogn. Sci..

[81]  D. Tarulli,et al.  DIALOGUE, DIFFERENCE, AND THE THIRD VOICE IN THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT , 1999 .

[82]  E. Salas,et al.  Toward an understanding of team performance and training. , 1992 .

[83]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Individual and Team Skill Decay : The Science and Implications for Practice , 2013 .

[84]  Eduardo Salas,et al.  Planning, Shared Mental Models, and Coordinated Performance: An Empirical Link Is Established , 1999, Hum. Factors.

[85]  J. Lave.  Cognition in Practice: Outdoors: a social anthropology of cognition in practice , 1988 .

[86]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Changes in team cognition after a retention interval: the benefits of mixing it up. , 2011, Journal of experimental psychology. Applied.

[87]  Natalie Sebanz,et al.  Prediction in Joint Action: What, When, and Where , 2009, Top. Cogn. Sci..

[88]  K. J. Vicente,et al.  Cognitive Work Analysis: Toward Safe, Productive, and Healthy Computer-Based Work , 1999 .

[89]  E. Reed.  The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception , 1989 .

[90]  Diane Vaughan,et al.  The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA , 1996 .

[91]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  The synthetic teammate project , 2009, Comput. Math. Organ. Theory.

[92]  N. M. Morris,et al.  On Looking into the Black Box: Prospects and Limits in the Search for Mental Models , 1986 .

[93]  Mark Joseph Sabella.  The impact of cross -training on team processes and performance , 2000 .

[94]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Training Adaptive Teams , 2010, Hum. Factors.

[95]  W. Prinz,et al.  Representing others' actions: just like one's own? , 2003, Cognition.

[96]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Shared-Knowledge and Team Performance: A Cognitive Engineering Approach to Measurement , 2001 .

[97]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Approach Measuring Patterns in Team Interaction Sequences Using a Discrete Recurrence , 2012 .

[98]  Jessica Mesmer-Magnus,et al.  Measuring Shared Team Mental Models: A Meta-Analysis , 2010 .

[99]  M. Brandenburg,et al.  Terrorist Attacks against Children: Vulnerabilities, Management Principles and Capability Gaps , 2006 .

[100]  Nancy J. Cooke,et al.  Measuring Team Knowledge , 2000, Hum. Factors.

[101]  David M Gaba,et al.  Adaptive coordination in cardiac anaesthesia: a study of situational changes in coordination patterns using a new observation system , 2008, Ergonomics.