Über Peptidyl‐Prolyl‐cis/trans‐Isomerasen und ihre Effektoren

Nimmt ein Protein seine dreidimensionale, gefaltete, native Struktur ein, so sind Konformationsanderungen innerhalb der Polypeptidkette die elementaren Prozesse. Noch vor einigen Jahren galt die Faltung der Proteine in der Zelle als autonomer Vorgang, an dem weder Enzyme noch Hilfsstoffe beteiligt sind. Neuerdings werden immer mehr Faltungshelfer gefunden, zu denen auch Enzyme, die Konformationsanderungen katalysieren, gehoren. Die cis/trans-Isomerisierung der Peptidbindung, die innerhalb der Kette vor einem Prolinrest lokalisiert ist, wird durch Peptidyl-Prolyl-cis/trans-Isomerasen (PPIasen) beschleunigt. Dies sind allgegenwartige, phylogenetisch hochkonservierte Enzyme, von denen man bisher zwei Familien, die Cyclophiline und die FK506-bindenden Proteine, kennt. Ihre katalytische Aktivitat ist auserordentlich hoch, so das die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der von ihnen katalysierten bimolekularen Reaktionen das diffussionskontrollierte Limit fur Enzym-Substrat-Reaktionen erreichen. Diese Enzyme konnen die Isomerisierung sowohl von Oligopeptiden als auch von Faltungsintermediaten der Proteine beschleunigen. Welche Struktureinheiten bei Reaktionen in der Zelle als Substrate erkannt und welche Reaktionen dort katalysiert werden, ist noch nicht bekannt. Sicher ist, das die Isomerasen mit Hitzeschockproteinen der nichtaktivierten Steroidrezeptoren oder auch mit dem gag-Polyprotein des Aids-Virus HIV-1 wechselwirken. Hochwirksame Inhibitoren der PPIasen sind die immunsuppressiven Verbindungen Cyclosporin A und FK506. Uberraschenderweise wirken diese Verbindungen zwar in der Signalkette der T-Zelle, aber nicht durch die Inhibierung des Enzyms; die Inhibitor-Enzym-Komplexe selbst sind die Wirkstoffe. Diese haben molekulare Eigenschaften, die die Einzelkomponenten nicht aufweisen, und die nun weitere Zellbestandteile beeinflussen konnen. Unter diesen Aspekten werden die gegenwartig diskutierten Modelle zur Unterdruckung der antigen und mitogenstimulierten klonalen Expansion der T-Zellen vorgestellt.

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