Review of grid connection requirements for generation assets in weak power grids

The integration of variable energy sources in weak power grids poses many technical and economic challenges. Both aspects have an impact on the development of grid codes, that is worth analysing. Grid codes shall be adapted to technical constraints in the corresponding power grid, such as the network strength and the characteristics of generation technologies. This paper reviews and compares technical requirements imposed on to generation assets in countries with very distinct characteristics, in order to analyse the influence of weakness and isolation of a power grid on the interconnection conditions imposed by system operators to grid users. Current and future regulation aspects are covered.

[1]  Yong Zhang,et al.  Comparison of Grid Code Requirements with Wind Turbine in China and Europe , 2010, 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference.

[2]  Constantinos Sourkounis,et al.  Grid Code Requirements for Wind Power Integration in Europe , 2013 .

[3]  J. Driesen,et al.  Hosting capacity for motor starting in weak grids , 2005, 2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems.

[4]  Luciano Picarelli,et al.  Final Report 2008 , 2008 .

[5]  Dragan Jovcic,et al.  Stability of a Variable-Speed Permanent Magnet Wind Generator With Weak AC Grids , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[6]  Mats Wang-Hansen,et al.  Frequency Controlling Wind Power Modeling of Control Strategies , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[7]  B. Francois,et al.  Dynamic Frequency Control Support by Energy Storage to Reduce the Impact of Wind and Solar Generation on Isolated Power System's Inertia , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[8]  Poul Ejnar Sørensen,et al.  Operation and Control of Wind Farms in Non-Interconnected Power Systems , 2011 .

[9]  Andreas Sumper,et al.  Power oscillation damping supported by wind power: A review , 2012 .

[10]  Mansour Mohseni,et al.  Review of international grid codes for wind power integration: Diversity, technology and a case for global standard , 2012 .

[11]  R. Teodorescu,et al.  Overview of recent grid codes for wind power integration , 2010, 2010 12th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment.

[12]  Humberto Pinheiro,et al.  Wind Turbines Reactive Current Control During Unbalanced Voltage Dips , 2013 .

[13]  K. Chan,et al.  Recent evolution of European grid code requirements and its impact on turbogenerator design , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[14]  Jay Apt,et al.  The cost of curtailing wind turbines for secondary frequency regulation capacity , 2014 .

[15]  Noel Aubut,et al.  Wind farm inertia emulation to fulfill Hydro-Québec's specific need , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[16]  Steffen Rebennack,et al.  Special issue on “Optimization challenges in energy economics” , 2014 .

[17]  F. Gonzalez-Longatt,et al.  Effects of the Synthetic Inertia from wind power on the total system inertia after a frequency disturbance , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT).

[18]  John Tamblyn.  Notices under National Electricity Law The Australian Energy Market Commission (AEMC) gives notice under the National Electricity Law (NEL) of the following matters. , 2006 .

[19]  Gastón Orlando Suvire.  Wind Farm - Impact in Power System and Alternatives to Improve the Integration , 2011 .

[20]  Weisheng Wang,et al.  Penetrating Insights: Lessons Learned from Large-Scale Wind Power Integration , 2012, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[21]  Julia Merino,et al.  State of the Art and Future Trends in Grid Codes Applicable to Isolated Electrical Systems , 2014 .

[22]  Susana Martín Arroyo,et al.  Wind Farms and Grid Codes , 2011 .

[23]  Marcelo Gustavo Molina,et al.  Technical and Regulatory Exigencies for Grid Connection of Wind Generation , 2011 .

[24]  P. E. Battaiotto,et al.  Wind Farm to Weak-Grid Connection using UPQC custom power device , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology.

[25]  Andreas Sumper,et al.  Participation of wind power plants in system frequency control: Review of grid code requirements and control methods , 2014 .