Interdecadal Variability of Southeastern South America Rainfall and Moisture Sources during the Austral Summertime

AbstractSea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the tropical oceans are able to generate extratropical atmospheric circulation anomalies that can induce rainfall variability and changes in the sources of moisture. The work reported here evaluates the interdecadal changes in the moisture sources for southeastern South America (SESA) during austral summer, and it is divided into two complementary parts. In the first part the authors construct a climate network to detect synchronization periods among the tropical oceans and the precipitation over SESA. Afterward, taking into account these results, the authors select two periods with different degrees of synchronization to compare the spatial distribution of the SESA moisture sources.Results show that during the last century there were three synchronization periods among the tropical oceans and the precipitation over SESA (during the 1930s, 1970s, and 1990s) and suggest that the main moisture sources of SESA are the recycling over the region, the central...

[1]  R. Wu,et al.  Understanding the Impacts of the Indian Ocean on ENSO Variability in a Coupled GCM , 2004 .

[2]  A. Stohl,et al.  A Lagrangian Analysis of the Atmospheric Branch of the Global Water Cycle. Part I: Method Description, Validation, and Demonstration for the August 2002 Flooding in Central Europe , 2004 .

[3]  V. Barros,et al.  Climate Variability in Southern South America Associated with El Niño and La Niña Events. , 2000 .

[4]  Delphine Clara Zemp,et al.  Interactive comment on “ On the importance of cascading moisture recycling in South America ” by D . C . Zemp , 2014 .

[5]  C. Mechoso,et al.  Relationships between Precipitation Anomalies in Uruguay and Southern Brazil and Sea Surface Temperature in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans , 1998 .

[6]  Naomi Naik,et al.  Tropical Oceanic Causes of Interannual to Multidecadal Precipitation Variability in Southeast South America over the Past Century , 2010 .

[7]  A. Numaguti.  Origin and recycling processes of precipitating water over the Eurasian continent: Experiments using an atmospheric general circulation model , 1999 .

[8]  Thomas M. Smith,et al.  Improvements to NOAA’s Historical Merged Land–Ocean Surface Temperature Analysis (1880–2006) , 2008 .

[9]  M. Barreiro,et al.  Role of the global oceans and land–atmosphere interaction on summertime interdecadal variability over northern Argentina , 2014, Climate Dynamics.

[10]  V. Kousky,et al.  The South American Monsoon System: Climatology and Variability , 2012 .

[11]  M. Barreiro.  Influence of ENSO and the South Atlantic Ocean on climate predictability over Southeastern South America , 2010 .

[12]  Stephen E. Zebiak.  Air–Sea Interaction in the Equatorial Atlantic Region , 1993 .

[13]  A. Stohl,et al.  Technical note: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6.2 , 2005 .

[14]  Dara Entekhabi,et al.  Estimation of Continental Precipitation Recycling. , 1993 .

[15]  Thomas M. Smith,et al.  Interdecadal Changes of 30-Yr SST Normals during 1871–2000 , 2003 .

[16]  V. Barros,et al.  The Hydrologic Cycle of the La Plata Basin in South America , 2002 .

[17]  J. Thepaut,et al.  The ERA‐Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system , 2011 .

[18]  R. Andreoli,et al.  ENSO‐related rainfall anomalies in South America and associated circulation features during warm and cold Pacific decadal oscillation regimes , 2005 .

[19]  E. Berbery,et al.  The atmospheric water cycle over South America as seen in the new generation of global reanalyses , 2013 .

[20]  A. Stohl,et al.  A Lagrangian Analysis of the Atmospheric Branch of the Global Water Cycle. Part II: Moisture Transports between Earth's Ocean Basins and River Catchments , 2005 .

[21]  Xin Wang,et al.  Different impacts of various El Niño events on the Indian Ocean Dipole , 2013, Climate Dynamics.

[22]  C. Ropelewski,et al.  Global and Regional Scale Precipitation Patterns Associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation , 1987 .

[23]  J. Marengo,et al.  Observational evidences on the modulation of the South American Low Level Jet east of the Andes according the ENSO variability , 2009 .

[24]  Sergey Kravtsov,et al.  A new dynamical mechanism for major climate shifts , 2007 .

[25]  Analysis of oceans' influence on spring time rainfall variability over Southeastern South America during the 20th century , 2015 .

[26]  V. Barros,et al.  Differences in El Nino Response over the Southern Hemisphere , 2004 .

[27]  L. Gimeno,et al.  The role of the ENSO cycle in the modulation of moisture transport from major oceanic moisture sources , 2014 .

[28]  John R. Lanzante,et al.  The Atmospheric Bridge: The Influence of ENSO Teleconnections on Air-Sea Interaction over the Global Oceans , 2002 .

[29]  Ning Zeng,et al.  An Atlantic influence on Amazon rainfall , 2010 .

[30]  G. Meyers,et al.  The Years of El Niño, La Niña, and Interactions with the Tropical Indian Ocean , 2007 .

[31]  L. Gimeno,et al.  A Lagrangian identification of major sources of moisture over Central Brazil and La Plata Basin , 2008 .

[32]  Kevin E. Trenberth,et al.  The Definition of El Niño. , 1997 .

[33]  U. Schneider,et al.  GPCC Full Data Reanalysis Version 7.0: Monthly Land-Surface Precipitation from Rain Gauges built on GTS based and Historic Data , 2016 .

[34]  F. Dominguez,et al.  Sources of Atmospheric Moisture for the La Plata River Basin , 2014 .

[35]  Carlos R. Mechoso,et al.  Are Atlantic Niños enhancing Pacific ENSO events in recent decades? , 2009 .

[36]  Atlantic modulation of El Niño influence on summertime rainfall over southeastern South America , 2008 .

[37]  T. Yamagata,et al.  Indian Ocean Dipole influence on South American rainfall , 2008 .

[38]  El Niño signal variability in the precipitation over southeastern South America during austral summer , 2004 .

[39]  J. Marengo,et al.  Characteristics and spatio-temporal variability of the Amazon River Basin Water Budget , 2005 .

[40]  R. Saravanan,et al.  Interaction between Tropical Atlantic Variability and El Niño–Southern Oscillation , 2000 .

[41]  P. Dirmeyer,et al.  Import and export of atmospheric water vapor between nations , 2009 .

[42]  J. Marengo,et al.  The role of the Amazon Basin moisture in the atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle: a Lagrangian analysis , 2014 .

[43]  K. Mo,et al.  Alternating Wet and Dry Conditions over South America during Summer , 1997 .

[44]  B. Goswami,et al.  A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean , 1999, Nature.

[45]  F. Jin,et al.  Sea surface temperature in the north tropical Atlantic as a trigger for El Niño/Southern Oscillation events , 2013 .

[46]  D. Enfield,et al.  Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature variability and its relation to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation , 1997 .