Study of regulated emissions and nanoparticle characteristics of light-duty direct-injection vehicles fuelled with gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas in the New European Driving Cycle and the Federal Test Procedure 75 driving cycle

This study evaluated the pollutants and nanoparticles, the fuel economy and the levels of carbon dioxide emissions of vehicles equipped with a 1.6 l direct-injection spark ignition engine fuelled by gasoline or by liquefied petroleum gas. The nanoparticles were analysed using a particle measurement system that is used in Europe for regulatory purposes. A fast-response particle size and number spectrometer (model DMS500) were used to characterize the size-resolved particle distributions. The vehicle was tested on a chassis dynamometer for the New European Driving Cycle and Federal Test Procedure 75 in its factory default state (gasoline version) and modified state (for liquefied petroleum gas fuel), and the results were compared. The liquefied-petroleum-gas direct-injection vehicle emitted significantly lower levels of total hydrocarbons than did the gasoline direct-injection vehicle. However, the levels of nitrogen oxide emissions from the liquefied-petroleum-gas direct-injection vehicle were equivalent to those from the gasoline direct-injection vehicle. Because of the higher combustion and exhaust temperatures and relatively higher loads imposed during the driving cycles, the liquefied-petroleum-gas direct-injection vehicle showed a slightly higher level of nitrogen oxide emissions. The particle emissions from the vehicles were mainly affected by the vehicle driving conditions of the test driving cycles. In particular, the particle emissions from the vehicle were pronounced in the cold-start and accelerating phases of the emission certification standards. The nanoparticles from the liquefied-petroleum-gas direct-injection vehicle were significantly fewer in number, exhibiting a reduction of over 99%.

[1]  Martin Sklorz,et al.  Chemical analysis and ozone formation potential of exhaust from dual-fuel (liquefied petroleum gas/gasoline) light duty vehicles , 2011 .

[2]  John M. E. Storey,et al.  An analysis of direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) soot morphology , 2012 .

[3]  Kunhee Choi,et al.  Experimental evaluation of combustion phenomena in and nanoparticle emissions from a side-mounted direct-injection engine with gasoline and liquid-phase liquefied petroleum gas fuel , 2012 .

[4]  C. Myung,et al.  Effect of the mixture preparation on the nanoparticle characteristics of gasoline direct-injection vehicles , 2012 .

[5]  M. A. Ceviz,et al.  Cyclic variations on LPG and gasoline-fuelled lean burn SI engine , 2006 .

[6]  Simsoo Park,et al.  Experimental evaluation of engine control strategy on the time resolved THC and nano-particle emission characteristics of liquid phase LPG direct injection (LPG-DI) engine during the cold start , 2013 .

[7]  David L. Harrington,et al.  Automotive Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines , 2000 .

[8]  Chih-Chung Chang,et al.  Emissions of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from motor vehicles , 2009 .

[9]  James J. Winebrake,et al.  Toxic Emissions from Mobile Sources: A Total Fuel-Cycle Analysis for Conventional and Alternative Fuel Vehicles , 2000, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[10]  Sherry Zhang,et al.  Emissions from a diesel car during regeneration of an active diesel particulate filter , 2010 .

[11]  John B. Heywood,et al.  Internal combustion engine fundamentals , 1988 .

[12]  Bruce Campbell,et al.  Study of Particle Number Emissions from a Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engine Including Data from a Fast-Response Particle Size Spectrometer , 2011 .

[13]  D. Kittelson.  Engines and nanoparticles: a review , 1998 .

[14]  Tao Huai,et al.  Investigation of solid particle number measurement: existence and nature of sub 23 nm particles under PMP methodology , 2011 .

[15]  Richard E. Chase,et al.  GASOLINE VEHICLE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS: COMPARISON OF STEADY STATE, FTP, AND US06 MEASUREMENTS , 1999 .

[16]  J. Andersson,et al.  Measurement of Automotive Nonvolatile Particle Number Emissions within the European Legislative Framework: A Review , 2012 .

[17]  Domenic A. Santavicca,et al.  Effects of Swirl and Tumble on Mixture Preparation During Cold Start of a Gasoline Direct-Injection Engine , 2000 .

[18]  E. R. Jayaratne,et al.  Particle and carbon dioxide emissions from passenger vehicles operating on unleaded petrol and LPG fuel. , 2005, The Science of the total environment.

[19]  Alberto Ayala,et al.  Evaluation of the European PMP Methodologies during On-Road and Chassis Dynamometer Testing for DPF Equipped Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles , 2009 .

[20]  C. Myung,et al.  Effects of gasoline, diesel, LPG, and low-carbon fuels and various certification modes on nanoparticle emission characteristics in light-duty vehicles , 2009 .

[21]  S. Samuel,et al.  Combustion instabilities and nanoparticles emission fluctuations in GDI spark ignition engine , 2011 .

[22]  Chang-Gi Kim,et al.  Performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine using ethanol and ethanol-reformed gas , 2010 .

[23]  Simone Hochgreb,et al.  Mechanisms of Particulate Matter Formation in Spark-Ignition Engines. 3. Model of PM Formation , 1999 .

[24]  Changming Gong,et al.  Catalyst light-off behavior of a spark-ignition LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) engine during cold sta , 2011 .

[25]  Alberto Ayala,et al.  Nature of Sub-23-nm Particles Downstream of the European Particle Measurement Programme (PMP)-Compliant System: A Real-Time Data Perspective , 2012 .

[26]  Jun Deng,et al.  Effect of the fuel injection strategy on first-cycle firing and combustion characteristics during cold start in a TSDI gasoline engine , 2012 .

[27]  José Luis Míguez,et al.  LPG : Pollutant emission and performance enhancement for spark-ignition four strokes outboard engines , 2005 .

[28]  M. Maricq,et al.  Signature size distributions for diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulate matter , 2001 .

[29]  Massimo Masi.  Experimental analysis on a spark ignition petrol engine fuelled with LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) , 2012 .

[30]  F. Halter,et al.  Comparison of regulated and non-regulated pollutants with iso-octane/butanol and iso-octane/ethanol blends in a port-fuel injection Spark-Ignition engine , 2012 .

[31]  Jon Andersson,et al.  Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Light-Duty Inter-Laboratory Exercise: Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Particle Number Method , 2008 .

[32]  Alex M. K. P. Taylor,et al.  Science review of internal combustion engines , 2008 .

[33]  Simsoo Park,et al.  Experimental investigation of nanoparticle formation characteristics from advanced gasoline and diesel fueled light duty vehicles under different certification driving modes , 2009 .

[34]  C. Myung,et al.  Comparative study of regulated and unregulated toxic emissions characteristics from a spark ignition direct injection light-duty vehicle fueled with gasoline and liquid phase LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) , 2012 .

[35]  Miroslaw L. Wyszynski,et al.  Vapour-phase and particulate-bound PAHs profile generated by a (SI/HCCI) engine from a winter grade commercial gasoline fuel , 2010 .

[36]  Simsoo Park,et al.  Experimental investigation on the time resolved THC emission characteristics of liquid phase LPG injection (LPLi) engine during cold start , 2007 .

[37]  Jun Li,et al.  Effects of ambient temperature on firing behavior and unregulated emissions of spark-ignition methanol and liquefied petroleum gas/methanol engines during cold start , 2011 .

[38]  Jon Andersson,et al.  Particle measurement programme (PMP) light-duty inter-laboratory exercise: comparison of different particle number measurement systems , 2008 .

[39]  Georgios Karavalakis,et al.  Regulated and unregulated emissions of a light duty vehicle operated on diesel/palm-based methyl ester blends over NEDC and a non-legislated driving cycle , 2009 .

[40]  Bianca Maria Vaglieco,et al.  Investigating the origin of nuclei particles in GDI engine exhausts , 2012 .

[41]  Simsoo Park,et al.  Comparative study of engine control strategies for particulate emissions from direct injection light-duty vehicle fueled with gasoline and liquid phase liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) , 2012 .

[42]  R. Crookes,et al.  Reduction potentials of energy demand and GHG emissions in China's road transport sector , 2009 .

[43]  Hewu Wang,et al.  Fuel conservation and GHG (Greenhouse gas) emissions mitigation scenarios for China's passenger vehicle fleet , 2011 .

[44]  Metin Gumus,et al.  Effects of volumetric efficiency on the performance and emissions characteristics of a dual fueled ( , 2011 .

[45]  C. Myung,et al.  Exhaust nanoparticle emissions from internal combustion engines: A review , 2011 .

[46]  Giechaskiel Barouch,et al.  Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Light-duty Inter-laboratory Correlation Exercise (ILCE_LD) Final Report , 2007 .

[47]  Domenic A. Santavicca,et al.  The Effects of Engine Speed and Injection Pressure Transients on Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Cold Start , 2002 .

[48]  Liguang Li,et al.  Cold start characteristics at low temperatures based on the first firing cycle in an LPG engine , 2007 .