What is missing in immunology to understand immunity?

The question of how we acquire immunity has been investigated for a century or more. What have we learned from all of this endeavor? We asked Rolf Zinkernagel to provide, for the young investigator, food for thought about that which we still don't know—even if we think we do.

[1]  David Gray,et al.  Immunological Memory and Protective Immunity: Understanding Their Relation , 1996, Science.

[2]  J. Sprent,et al.  Cells inducing tolerance to Mls and H-2 antigens. , 1991, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[3]  R M Zinkernagel,et al.  Primary antibody responses to a well-defined and unique hapten are not enhanced by preimmunization with carrier: analysis in a viral model. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[4]  B. Kindred Nude mice in immunology. , 1979, Progress in allergy.

[5]  H. Pircher,et al.  Ablation of “tolerance” and induction of diabetes by virus infection in viral antigen transgenic mice , 1991, Cell.

[6]  P. Fink,et al.  Positive selection of thymocytes. , 1995, Annual review of immunology.

[7]  A. Coutinho,et al.  Thymus-independent B-cell induction and paralysis. , 1975, Advances in immunology.

[8]  D. Nemazee Receptor selection in B and T lymphocytes. , 2000, Annual review of immunology.

[9]  R. Zinkernagel,et al.  Immunological Memory , 2006 .

[10]  R M Zinkernagel,et al.  On the role of thymic epithelium vs. bone marrow-derived cells in repertoire selection of T cells. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  J. Altman,et al.  Persistence of memory CD8 T cells in MHC class I-deficient mice. , 1999, Science.

[12]  P. Klenerman,et al.  Immune surveillance against a solid tumor fails because of immunological ignorance. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[13]  M. Cohn,et al.  The Protection: The Unit of Humoral Immunity Selected by Evolution , 1990, Immunological reviews.

[14]  P. Matzinger Why Positive Selection? , 1993, Immunological reviews.

[15]  R. Zinkernagel,et al.  Neutralizing antiviral B cell responses. , 1997, Annual review of immunology.

[16]  G. Nossal,et al.  Cellular and molecular mechanisms of B lymphocyte tolerance. , 1992, Advances in immunology.

[17]  H. von Boehmer,et al.  Development and selection of T cells: facts and puzzles. , 1995, Advances in immunology.

[18]  Melvin Cohn,et al.  A Theory of Self-Nonself Discrimination , 1970, Science.

[19]  R M Zinkernagel,et al.  Early high-affinity neutralizing anti-viral IgG responses without further overall improvements of affinity. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  K. Lafferty THE INTERACTION BETWEEN VIRUS AND ANTIBODY. II. MECHANISM OF THE REACTION. , 1963, Virology.

[21]  R. Zinkernagel,et al.  The influence of antigen organization on B cell responsiveness. , 1993, Science.

[22]  P. Matzinger Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. , 1994, Annual review of immunology.

[23]  H. Dintzis,et al.  Antigens as Immunoregulators , 1990, Immunological reviews.

[24]  M. Battegay,et al.  Fibroblasts as efficient antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid organs. , 1995, Science.

[25]  B. Ludewig,et al.  Role of dendritic cells in the induction and maintenance of autoimmune diseases , 1999, Immunological reviews.

[26]  F. Burnet,et al.  The production of antibodies , 1949 .

[27]  C. Goodnow,et al.  Positive versus negative signaling by lymphocyte antigen receptors. , 1998, Annual Review of Immunology.

[28]  Rolf M. Zinkernagel,et al.  Virus persistence in acutely infected immunocompetent mice by exhaustion of antiviral cytotoxic effector T cells , 1993, Nature.

[29]  R. Benner,et al.  Isolation and molecular characterization of the B cells producing the paraprotein in a case of benign monoclonal gammapathy in C57BL mice , 1991, European journal of immunology.

[30]  P. Wenk,et al.  Experimental studies on the pathogenesis of contact eczema in the guinea-pig. , 1957, International archives of allergy and applied immunology.

[31]  Rosalinde Hurley,et al.  The Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease. , 1977 .

[32]  Rolf M. Zinkernagel,et al.  Immunology Taught by Viruses , 1996, Science.

[33]  K. Lafferty,et al.  The Origin and Mechanism of the Allograft Reaction , 1977, Immunological reviews.

[34]  H. Pircher,et al.  On T Cell Memory: Arguments for Antigen Dependence , 1996, Immunological reviews.

[35]  B. Rocha,et al.  Peripheral selection of the T cell repertoire. , 1991, Science.

[36]  S. Korsmeyer,et al.  On the Key Role of Secondary Lymphoid Organs in Antiviral Immune Responses Studied in Alymphoplastic (aly/aly) and Spleenless (Hox11− /−) Mutant Mice , 1997, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[37]  Mackaness Gb The monocyte in cellular immunity. , 1970 .

[38]  J. Mckinney,et al.  The death and resurrection of tuberculosis , 1999, Nature Medicine.