HERO: A hierarchical, efficient and reliable routing protocol for wireless sensor and actor networks

It is well known that the use of clusters makes wireless sensor and actor networks more scalable, and it also reduces energy consumption and improves their performance. Most hierarchical routing and clustering protocols are designed to be efficient when the data is sent from the sensor nodes to their cluster-head but not when it is sent the opposite way. In this paper, a simple mechanism to form clusters in an efficient way by using meta-data is proposed. And, furthermore, a novelty multi-hop and fault-tolerance routing protocol able to transport data from sensor nodes to their cluster-head and vice versa in an energy-efficient way is also presented. Moreover, this approach allows developers to establish the desired reliability level (in a quantitative way) between two nodes which are N hops far away from each other. The performance and the energy consumption of our approach is studied by means of a set of experiments which have been carried out by using the COOJA simulator.

[1]  Mohamed F. Younis,et al.  Energy-aware routing in cluster-based sensor networks , 2002, Proceedings. 10th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunications Systems.

[2]  Young-Ju Han,et al.  The Concentric Clustering Scheme for Efficient Energy Consumption in the PEGASIS , 2007, The 9th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology.

[3]  Chang-Gun Lee,et al.  MMSPEED: multipath Multi-SPEED protocol for QoS guarantee of reliability and. Timeliness in wireless sensor networks , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[4]  Guangzhong Xie,et al.  A novel stable selection and reliable transmission protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks , 2010, Comput. Commun..

[5]  Ramesh Govindan,et al.  Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks , 2003, SenSys '03.

[6]  Haitham S. Cruickshank,et al.  A Reliable Multi-hop Hierarchical Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) , 2009, 2009 Sixth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations.

[7]  Muhammad Sher,et al.  An efficient and reliable clustering algorithm for wireless sensor actor networks (WSANs) , 2010, 2010 53rd IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems.

[8]  Wang Wen-yan.  Complete coverage problem of wireless sensor networks in shadow fading environment , 2010 .

[9]  Ameer Ahmed Abbasi,et al.  A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks , 2007, Comput. Commun..

[10]  Philip Levis,et al.  Understanding the causes of packet delivery success and failure in dense wireless sensor networks , 2006, SenSys '06.

[11]  Prasant Misra,et al.  Characterization of Asymmetry in Low-Power Wireless Links: An Empirical Study , 2011, ICDCN.

[12]  A.D. Siuli Roy,et al.  Agro-sense: Precision agriculture using sensor-based wireless mesh networks , 2008, 2008 First ITU-T Kaleidoscope Academic Conference - Innovations in NGN: Future Network and Services.

[13]  Xi Chen,et al.  A New Gradient-Based Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2004, ICESS.

[14]  Ling Liu,et al.  Guest Editors' Introduction: Sensor-Network Applications , 2006, IEEE Internet Computing.

[15]  M. P. Singh,et al.  A New Top-Down Hierarchical Multi-hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2008, ICDCN.

[16]  Adam Dunkels,et al.  Software-based on-line energy estimation for sensor nodes , 2007, EmNets '07.

[17]  Anis Koubaa,et al.  F-LQE: A Fuzzy Link Quality Estimator for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, EWSN.

[18]  Wendi Heinzelman,et al.  Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[19]  Chen Zhang,et al.  ExScal: elements of an extreme scale wireless sensor network , 2005, 11th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA'05).

[20]  Jian Wen,et al.  Energy-Efficient Multi-hop Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing.

[21]  Yiwei Thomas Hou,et al.  BeamStar: An Edge-Based Approach to Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[22]  David E. Culler,et al.  Taming the underlying challenges of reliable multihop routing in sensor networks , 2003, SenSys '03.

[23]  Mani Srivastava,et al.  Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks , 2001, 2001 MILCOM Proceedings Communications for Network-Centric Operations: Creating the Information Force (Cat. No.01CH37277).

[24]  Cauligi S. Raghavendra,et al.  PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems , 2002, Proceedings, IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[25]  Konrad Iwanicki,et al.  On hierarchical routing in wireless sensor networks , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.

[26]  Wen Hu,et al.  Design and Deployment of a Remote Robust Sensor Network: Experiences from an Outdoor Water Quality Monitoring Network , 2007 .

[27]  Michael R. Lyu,et al.  Reliable Reporting of Delay-Sensitive Events in Wireless Sensor-Actuator Networks , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems.

[28]  B. R. Badrinath,et al.  ReInForM: reliable information forwarding using multiple paths in sensor networks , 2003, 28th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks, 2003. LCN '03. Proceedings..

[29]  Weisong Shi,et al.  Modeling the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks , 2005 .

[30]  Thomas F. La Porta,et al.  Sensor Network Operations , 2006 .

[31]  R. B. Patel,et al.  A Reliable and Energy Efficient Transport Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010 .

[32]  Philip Levis,et al.  Four-Bit Wireless Link Estimation , 2007, HotNets.

[33]  Kuong-Ho Chen,et al.  CHIRON: An energy-efficient chain-based hierarchical routing protocol in wireless sensor networks , 2009, 2009 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium.

[34]  E. Gaura,et al.  MuMHR: Multi-path, Multi-hop Hierarchical Routing , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2007).

[35]  Amy L. Murphy,et al.  Monitoring heritage buildings with wireless sensor networks: The Torre Aquila deployment , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.

[36]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks , 2000, MobiCom '00.

[37]  Abraham O. Fapojuwo,et al.  A centralized energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2005, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[38]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless sensor and actor networks: research challenges , 2004, Ad Hoc Networks.

[39]  Adam Dunkels,et al.  Accurate Network-Scale Power Profiling for Sensor Network Simulators , 2009, EWSN.

[40]  Anantha P. Chandrakasan,et al.  An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks , 2002, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[41]  Adam Dunkels,et al.  Contiki - a lightweight and flexible operating system for tiny networked sensors , 2004, 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks.

[42]  Bartolomé Rubio,et al.  A service-oriented approach to facilitate WSAN application development , 2011, Ad Hoc Networks.

[43]  Wendi B. Heinzelman,et al.  Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks , 1999, MobiCom.

[44]  Ramesh Govindan,et al.  RCRT: Rate-controlled reliable transport protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2010, TOSN.