National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support

This article was copublished in Diabetes Care 2017;40:1409–1419 and The Diabetes Educator 2017;43:449–464 and is reprinted with permission. The previous version of this article, also copublished in Diabetes Care and The Diabetes Educator, can be found at Diabetes Care 2012;35:2393–2401 (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1707).

[1]  M. Roizen,et al.  10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study , 2010 .

[2]  K. Lorig,et al.  A Diabetes Self-Management Program: 12-Month Outcome Sustainability From a Nonreinforced Pragmatic Trial , 2016, Journal of medical Internet research.

[3]  C. Clark,et al.  Type 2 diabetes patients educated by other patients perform at least as well as patients trained by professionals , 2013, Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews.

[4]  D. Wade,et al.  Writing SMART rehabilitation goals and achieving goal attainment scaling: a practical guide , 2009, Clinical rehabilitation.

[5]  Linda Siminerio,et al.  Linking Telemedicine With Diabetes Self-management Education to Improve Care in Rural Communities , 2014 .

[6]  P. Grady,et al.  Self-management: a comprehensive approach to management of chronic conditions. , 2014, American journal of public health.

[7]  S. Norris.  Health-related quality of life among adults with diabetes , 2005, Current diabetes reports.

[8]  Les Macleod.  MISSION, VISION AND VALUES STATEMENTS: THE PHYSICIAN LEADER'S ROLE. , 2016, Physician leadership journal.

[9]  K. Lorig,et al.  Benefits of Diabetes Self-Management for Health Plan Members: A 6-Month Translation Study , 2016, Journal of medical Internet research.

[10]  C. Owen,et al.  Utilisation of multidisciplinary services for diabetes care in the rural setting. , 2013, The Australian journal of rural health.

[11]  Emily Gerth-Guyette,et al.  Impact of mHealth Chronic Disease Management on Treatment Adherence and Patient Outcomes: A Systematic Review , 2015, Journal of medical Internet research.

[12]  M. Powers,et al.  Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support in Type 2 Diabetes: A Joint Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. , 2015, Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

[13]  Rod S. Taylor,et al.  Nurse‐led interventions used to improve control of high blood pressure in people with diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2010, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[14]  C. Schmid,et al.  Self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of the effect on glycemic control. , 2002, Diabetes care.

[15]  C. Weber,et al.  The Effect of Nurse-led Diabetes Self-management Education on Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Cardiovascular Risk Factors , 2012, The Diabetes educator.

[16]  V. Chopra,et al.  Social Media Use in Chronic Disease: A Systematic Review and Novel Taxonomy. , 2015, The American journal of medicine.

[17]  I. Willaing,et al.  Lost in translation—the role of family in interventions among adults with diabetes: a systematic review , 2014, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[18]  Amanda K. Hall,et al.  Mobile text messaging for health: a systematic review of reviews. , 2015, Annual review of public health.

[19]  I. Ricci-Cabello,et al.  Characteristics and effectiveness of diabetes self-management educational programs targeted to racial/ethnic minority groups: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression , 2014, BMC Endocrine Disorders.

[20]  P. Ravaud,et al.  Taxonomy of the burden of treatment: a multi-country web-based qualitative study of patients with chronic conditions , 2015, BMC Medicine.

[21]  B. Redman.  The Practice Of Patient Education , 1996 .

[22]  Ernest Alema-Mensah,et al.  Comparative Analysis of the Efficacy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus , 2012, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[23]  Jim Bellows,et al.  Coordination of Diabetes Care in Four Delivery Models Using an Electronic Health Record , 2009, Medical care.

[24]  C. Quinn,et al.  Cluster-Randomized Trial of a Mobile Phone Personalized Behavioral Intervention for Blood Glucose Control , 2011, Diabetes Care.

[25]  P. Bech,et al.  The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: A Systematic Review of the Literature , 2015, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics.

[26]  Mary S. Dietrich,et al.  An Internet-Based Program to Improve Self-Management in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes , 2009, Diabetes Care.

[27]  Kaiqin Deng,et al.  Peer Support Training Improved the Glycemic Control, Insulin Management, and Diabetic Behaviors of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Rural Communities of Central China: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2016, Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.

[28]  B. Shah,et al.  Disparities in attendance at diabetes self-management education programs after diagnosis in Ontario, Canada: a cohort study , 2013, BMC Public Health.

[29]  D. J. McCloskey,et al.  Recommendations of Common Data Elements to Advance the Science of Self-Management of Chronic Conditions. , 2016, Journal of nursing scholarship : an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing.

[30]  Hillel W. Cohen,et al.  Results of a Successful Telephonic Intervention to Improve Diabetes Control in Urban Adults , 2011, Diabetes Care.

[31]  S. Colagiuri,et al.  The Australian Primary Care Collaboratives Program: improving diabetes care , 2012, BMJ quality & safety.

[32]  Eric J Ip,et al.  A Markov Model of the Cost-Effectiveness of Pharmacist Care for Diabetes in Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases: Evidence from Kaiser Permanente Northern California , 2013, Journal of managed care pharmacy : JMCP.

[33]  E. Gunderson,et al.  Impact of gestational diabetes mellitus nutrition practice guidelines implemented by registered dietitians on pregnancy outcomes. , 2006, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[34]  L. Strawbridge,et al.  Use of Medicare’s Diabetes Self-Management Training Benefit , 2015, Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education.

[35]  J. Gallivan,et al.  Insights From the National Diabetes Education Program National Diabetes Survey: Opportunities for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support , 2017, Diabetes Spectrum.

[36]  Alison Richardson,et al.  Rethinking the patient: using Burden of Treatment Theory to understand the changing dynamics of illness , 2014, BMC Health Services Research.

[37]  B. Shah,et al.  Diabetes education through group classes leads to better care and outcomes than individual counselling in adults: A population-based cohort study , 2014, Canadian Journal of Public Health.

[38]  R. Rubin,et al.  Access to Diabetes Self-management Education , 2009, The Diabetes educator.

[39]  M. Stellefson,et al.  The Chronic Care Model and Diabetes Management in US Primary Care Settings: A Systematic Review , 2013, Preventing chronic disease.

[40]  Rajib Paul,et al.  Using GIS and Secondary Data to Target Diabetes-Related Public Health Efforts , 2013, Public health reports.

[41]  B. Waitzfelder,et al.  Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Asian and Pacific Islander U.S. Youth , 2009, Diabetes Care.

[42]  A. Baus,et al.  Developing Interventions for Overweight and Obese Children using Electronic Health Records Data. , 2015, On-line journal of nursing informatics.

[43]  W. Polonsky,et al.  Assessing psychosocial distress in diabetes: development of the diabetes distress scale. , 2005, Diabetes care.

[44]  D. Sherr,et al.  Diabetes self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review of the effect on glycemic control. , 2016, Patient education and counseling.

[45]  Sharon E. Straus,et al.  Designing and evaluating a web-based self-management site for patients with type 2 diabetes - systematic website development and study protocol , 2012, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making.

[46]  Alison B. Evert,et al.  New Diabetes Nutrition Therapy Recommendations: What You Need to Know , 2014, Diabetes Spectrum.

[47]  A. Kennedy,et al.  Self-Management and Self-Management Support Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Mixed Research Synthesis of Stakeholder Views , 2015, PloS one.

[48]  Sophie V. Eastwood,et al.  Computer-based diabetes self-management interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. , 2013, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[49]  M. Hill,et al.  Training Community Health Workers as Diabetes Educators for Urban African Americans: Value Added Using Participatory Methods , 2007, Progress in community health partnerships : research, education, and action.

[50]  K. Lorig,et al.  Characteristics of the Spanish- and English-Language Self-Efficacy to Manage Diabetes Scales , 2016, The Diabetes educator.

[51]  Russell E Glasgow,et al.  Starting the conversation performance of a brief dietary assessment and intervention tool for health professionals. , 2011, American journal of preventive medicine.

[52]  Ara Darzi,et al.  Online social networking services in the management of patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. , 2014, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[53]  H. Pincus,et al.  Healthcare Costs Associated with Depression in Medically Ill Fee‐for‐Service Medicare Participants , 2009, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[54]  Catherine Martin,et al.  The Scope of Practice, Standards of Practice, and Standards of Professional Performance for Diabetes Educators , 2005, The Diabetes educator.

[55]  G. Carlson,et al.  Is the Relationship Between Your Hospital and Your Medical Staff Sustainable? , 2010, Journal of healthcare management / American College of Healthcare Executives.

[56]  D. Schillinger,et al.  Association of health literacy with diabetes outcomes. , 2002, JAMA.

[57]  G. Ayala,et al.  A Review of Volunteer-Based Peer Support Interventions in Diabetes , 2011, Diabetes Spectrum.

[58]  William S. Yancy,et al.  Nutrition Therapy Recommendations for the Management of Adults With Diabetes , 2013, Diabetes Care.

[59]  A. Baksi,et al.  Peer advisers compared with specialist health professionals in delivering a training programme on self-management to people with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial , 2008, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[60]  A. Philis-Tsimikas,et al.  Dulce Wireless Tijuana: A Randomized Control Trial Evaluating the Impact of Project Dulce and Short-Term Mobile Technology on Glycemic Control in a Family Medicine Clinic in Northern Mexico , 2016, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[61]  Kate Lorig,et al.  Community-Based Peer-Led Diabetes Self-management , 2009, The Diabetes educator.

[62]  Barbara Chamberlain,et al.  The value of nursing care coordination: a white paper of the American Nurses Association. , 2013, Nursing outlook.

[63]  Jing Wang,et al.  Educators’ Insights in Using Chronicle Diabetes , 2013, The Diabetes educator.

[64]  L. Welschen,et al.  Effects of a cognitive behavioural treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes when added to managed care; a randomised controlled trial , 2013, Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

[65]  Tadej Battelino,et al.  Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes: Recent Studies , 2013, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[66]  Guy Paré,et al.  Effectiveness of mHealth interventions for patients with diabetes: An overview of systematic reviews , 2017, PloS one.

[67]  Linda Williams.  The Mission Statement: A Corporate Reporting Tool With a Past, Present, and Future , 2008 .

[68]  S. Asch,et al.  Effect of a Dialysis Access Coordinator on Preemptive Access Placement among Veterans: A Quality Improvement Initiative , 2016, American Journal of Nephrology.

[69]  Victor M. Montori,et al.  Efficacy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Improving Glycemic Control and Reducing Hypoglycemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials , 2011, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[70]  A. La Greca,et al.  Measuring diabetes self-care: a psychometric analysis of the Self-Care Inventory-Revised with adults. , 2005, Diabetes care.

[71]  B. Vandermeer,et al.  Behavioral Programs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus , 2015, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[72]  Alison B. Evert,et al.  Enhancing Access to Diabetes Self-management Education in Primary Care , 2016, The Diabetes educator.

[73]  E. Beverly,et al.  The effect of a structured behavioral intervention on poorly controlled diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. , 2011, Archives of internal medicine.

[74]  Phil Aponte,et al.  Impact of an EHR-Based Diabetes Management Form on Quality and Outcomes of Diabetes Care in Primary Care Practices , 2015, American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality.

[75]  Elizabeth Murray,et al.  Achieving change in primary care—causes of the evidence to practice gap: systematic reviews of reviews , 2015, Implementation Science.

[76]  Shelagh A Mulvaney,et al.  Patient Web Portals to Improve Diabetes Outcomes: A Systematic Review , 2010, Current diabetes reports.

[77]  T. Heller,et al.  Care coordination experiences of people with disabilities enrolled in medicaid managed care , 2017, Disability and rehabilitation.

[78]  C. Liddy,et al.  A pragmatic comparison of two diabetes education programs in improving type 2 diabetes mellitus outcomes , 2014, BMC Research Notes.

[79]  B. Vandermeer,et al.  Behavioral Programs for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus , 2015, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[80]  Xiaoqin He,et al.  Diabetes self-management education reduces risk of all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2017, Endocrine.

[81]  Issued December,et al.  AADE7™ Self-Care Behaviors American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE) Position Statement , 2014 .

[82]  Cayla R. Teal,et al.  Measuring the quality of Patients’ goals and action plans: development and validation of a novel tool , 2012, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making.

[83]  Catherine Kim,et al.  Referral to telephonic nurse management improves outcomes in women with gestational diabetes. , 2012, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[84]  K. Robien,et al.  American Dietetic Association: standards of practice and standards of professional performance for registered dietitians (generalist, specialty, and advanced) in oncology nutrition care. , 2006, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[85]  J. Dale,et al.  What is the effect of peer support on diabetes outcomes in adults? A systematic review , 2012, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[86]  David Moher,et al.  Effectiveness of quality improvement strategies on the management of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2012, The Lancet.

[87]  Rafael Perera,et al.  Personalised care planning for adults with chronic or long-term health conditions. , 2015, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[88]  K Khunti,et al.  Delivering the diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cost effectiveness analysis , 2010, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[89]  Luci K. Leykum,et al.  The importance of relational coordination and reciprocal learning for chronic illness care within primary care teams. , 2013, Health care management review.

[90]  L. Kolb,et al.  Achievement of Weight Loss and Other Requirements of the Diabetes Prevention and Recognition Program , 2016, The Diabetes educator.

[91]  D. Matthews,et al.  Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Patient-Centered Approach , 2012, Diabetes Care.

[92]  S. Lawn,et al.  What skills do primary health care professionals need to provide effective self-management support?Seeking consumer perspectives , 2009 .

[93]  J. Stoker,et al.  The Department of Health and Human Services. , 1999, Home healthcare nurse.

[94]  R. Glasgow.  Interactive Media for Diabetes Self-Management: Issues in Maximizing Public Health Impact , 2010, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[95]  R. Bond,et al.  Structured Type 1 Diabetes Education Delivered Within Routine Care , 2013, Diabetes Care.

[96]  D. Hegney,et al.  The Experience of Hypoglycaemia and Strategies Used For Its Management by Community‐Dwelling Adults with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review , 2011, International journal of evidence-based healthcare.

[97]  A. Farmer,et al.  Interactive telemedicine: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. , 2015, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[98]  R. Glasgow,et al.  The summary of diabetes self-care activities measure: results from 7 studies and a revised scale. , 2000, Diabetes care.

[99]  C. Beebe,et al.  Engaging Patients in Education for Self-Management in an Accountable Care Environment , 2011, Clinical Diabetes.

[100]  Beth Chaney,et al.  Web 2.0 Chronic Disease Self-Management for Older Adults: A Systematic Review , 2013, Journal of medical Internet research.

[101]  K. Khunti,et al.  Preventing the Progression to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults at High Risk: A Systematic Review And Network Meta-Analysis of Lifestyle, Pharmacological and Surgical Interventions. , 2014, Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research.

[102]  Deborah A. Greenwood,et al.  The eHealth Enhanced Chronic Care Model: A Theory Derivation Approach , 2015, Journal of medical Internet research.

[103]  A. Herman.  Community Health Workers and Integrated Primary Health Care Teams in the 21st Century , 2011, The Journal of ambulatory care management.

[104]  Svetlana Masalovich,et al.  Diabetes Self-Management Education Programs in Nonmetropolitan Counties — United States, 2016 , 2017, Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries.

[105]  Gretchen A. Piatt,et al.  Delivering Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) in Primary Care , 2008 .

[106]  S. Sidani,et al.  A systematic literature review of diabetes self-management education features to improve diabetes education in women of Black African/Caribbean and Hispanic/Latin American ethnicity. , 2013, Patient education and counseling.

[107]  Shawna V. Hudson,et al.  Improving Outcomes for High-Risk Diabetics Using Information Systems , 2007, The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine.

[108]  A. Zaslavsky,et al.  Health of previously uninsured adults after acquiring Medicare coverage. , 2007, JAMA.

[109]  Deborah A. Greenwood,et al.  A Systematic Review of Reviews Evaluating Technology-Enabled Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support , 2017, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[110]  J. Teresi,et al.  Health care utilization and self-care behaviors of Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes: comparison of national and ethnically diverse underserved populations. , 2011, Population health management.

[111]  Malinda Peeples,et al.  Diabetes Self-Management Education Core Outcomes Measures , 2003, The Diabetes educator.

[112]  C. Bechtel,et al.  If you build it, will they come? Designing truly patient-centered health care. , 2010, Health affairs.

[113]  D. Williamson,et al.  How effective were lifestyle interventions in real-world settings that were modeled on the Diabetes Prevention Program? , 2012, Health Affairs.

[115]  Janice C. Zgibor,et al.  Deploying the Chronic Care Model to Implement and Sustain Diabetes Self-management Training Programs , 2006, The Diabetes educator.

[116]  O. Rollot,et al.  Quarterly individual outpatients lifestyle counseling after initial inpatients education on type 2 diabetes: the REDIA Prev-2 randomized controlled trial in Reunion Island. , 2012, Diabetes & metabolism.

[117]  D. Matthews,et al.  Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Patient-Centered Approach , 2012, Diabetes Care.

[118]  Dianne Davis,et al.  Association of Numeracy and Diabetes Control , 2008, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[119]  G. Ghanizadeh,et al.  Health education via mobile text messaging for glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2014, Primary care diabetes.

[120]  R. Clark,et al.  The effectiveness of the teach‐back method on adherence and self‐management in health education for people with chronic disease: a systematic review , 2016, JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports.

[121]  J. Pohl,et al.  Diabetes and Hypertension Quality Measurement in Four Safety-Net Sites , 2014, Applied Clinical Informatics.

[122]  Ina Wallace,et al.  Health literacy interventions and outcomes: an updated systematic review. , 2011, Evidence report/technology assessment.

[123]  Dana Dabelea,et al.  Diabetes in African American Youth , 2009, Diabetes Care.

[124]  M. Rosal,et al.  Randomized Trial of a Literacy-Sensitive, Culturally Tailored Diabetes Self-Management Intervention for Low-Income Latinos , 2011, Diabetes Care.

[125]  Constance Johnson,et al.  Internet delivered diabetes self-management education: a review. , 2015, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[126]  Rachel H. Greenberg,et al.  The National Diabetes Education Program Evaluation Framework: How to Design an Evaluation of a Multifaceted Public Health Education Program , 2008, Preventing chronic disease.

[127]  K. Terry.  Mining EHR data for quality improvement , 2015 .

[128]  S. Boren,et al.  Costs and Benefits Associated With Diabetes Education A Review of the Literature , 2009, The Diabetes educator.

[129]  J. Weissberg-Benchell,et al.  Diabetes‐specific emotional distress among adolescents: feasibility, reliability, and validity of the problem areas in diabetes‐teen version , 2011, Pediatric diabetes.

[130]  Robert M. Anderson,et al.  Developing a New Generation of Ongoing Diabetes Self-management Support Interventions , 2005, The Diabetes educator.

[131]  B. Comstock,et al.  Impact of a chronic care coordinator intervention on diabetes quality of care in a community health center. , 2015, Health services research.

[132]  Jennifer Schore,et al.  Effects of care coordination on hospitalization, quality of care, and health care expenditures among Medicare beneficiaries: 15 randomized trials. , 2009, JAMA.

[133]  D. Owens,et al.  Diabetes as a case study of chronic disease management with a personalized approach: the role of a structured feedback loop. , 2012, Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.

[134]  K. Hawthorne,et al.  Culturally appropriate health education for people in ethnic minority groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus. , 2014, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[135]  Renée Boynton-Jarrett,et al.  Avoiding the Unintended Consequences of Screening for Social Determinants of Health. , 2016, JAMA.

[136]  Gretchen A. Piatt,et al.  Translating the Chronic Care Model Into the Community: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Multifaceted Diabetes Care Intervention , 2006, Diabetes Care.

[137]  Carla K. Miller,et al.  Goal Setting: An Integral Component of Effective Diabetes Care , 2014, Current Diabetes Reports.

[138]  L. Strawbridge,et al.  One-Year Outcomes of Diabetes Self-Management Training Among Medicare Beneficiaries Newly Diagnosed With Diabetes , 2017, Medical care.

[139]  B. Vandermeer,et al.  Lifestyle Interventions for Patients With and at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes , 2013, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[140]  K. Khunti,et al.  The impact of a programme to improve quality of care for people with type 2 diabetes on hard to reach groups: The GEDAPS study. , 2015, Primary care diabetes.

[141]  D. Toobert,et al.  Psychometric properties of a Korean version of the summary of diabetes self-care activities measure. , 2011, International journal of nursing studies.

[142]  L. Laffel,et al.  Youth-Perceived Burden of Type 1 Diabetes , 2015, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[143]  Suzanne Austin Boren,et al.  AADE7TM Self-care Behaviors: systematic reviews. , 2007, The Diabetes educator.

[144]  E. Vivian,et al.  Effects of Pharmacist Outpatient Interventions on Adults with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review , 2008, Pharmacotherapy.

[145]  Michael Pignone,et al.  Influence of patient literacy on the effectiveness of a primary care-based diabetes disease management program. , 2004, JAMA.

[146]  E. Boyko,et al.  Brief questions to identify patients with inadequate health literacy. , 2004, Family medicine.

[147]  R. Palmer,et al.  Participatory Decision Making, Patient Activation, Medication Adherence, and Intermediate Clinical Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: A STARNet Study , 2010, The Annals of Family Medicine.

[148]  Garry Welch,et al.  Assessment of Diabetes-Related Distress , 1995, Diabetes Care.

[149]  David M Nathan,et al.  10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. , 2009, Lancet.

[150]  Robert M. Anderson,et al.  Individualization of Diabetes Self-Management Education , 2002, The Diabetes educator.

[151]  Robert M. Anderson,et al.  Implementing an Empowerment-Based Diabetes Self-management Education Program , 2005, The Diabetes educator.

[152]  L J Gray,et al.  Effectiveness of interventions for reducing diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in people with metabolic syndrome: systematic review and mixed treatment comparison meta‐analysis , 2012, Diabetes, obesity & metabolism.

[153]  F. Pouwer,et al.  Diabetes Attitudes Wishes and Needs 2 (DAWN2): a multinational, multi-stakeholder study of psychosocial issues in diabetes and person-centred diabetes care. , 2013, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[154]  R. Glasgow,et al.  REDEEM: A Pragmatic Trial to Reduce Diabetes Distress , 2013, Diabetes Care.

[155]  A. Jha,et al.  Primary care visit duration and quality: does good care take longer? , 2009, Archives of internal medicine.

[156]  B. Stetson,et al.  Assessing the Value of the Diabetes Educator , 2011, The Diabetes educator.

[157]  Ronald C. Plotnikoff,et al.  Community-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis , 2012, Front. Endocrin..

[158]  D. Sherr,et al.  The Diabetes Educator and the Diabetes Self-management Education Engagement , 2015, The Diabetes educator.

[159]  Alison B. Evert,et al.  American Dietetic Association revised standards of practice and standards of professional performance for registered Dietitians (generalist, specialty, and advanced) in diabetes care. , 2011, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[160]  R. Vandermause,et al.  Goal Setting With Type 2 Diabetes , 2013, The Diabetes educator.