Management of vascular access in transcatheter aortic valve replacement: part 1: basic anatomy, imaging, sheaths, wires, and access routes.

[1]  R. Guyton,et al.  Carotid artery access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement , 2013, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[2]  Anson Cheung,et al.  5-year outcome after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. , 2013, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[3]  M. Mack,et al.  Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document. , 2012, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[4]  J. Webb,et al.  Challenges in transcatheter aortic valve implantation. , 2012, Swiss medical weekly.

[5]  M. Mack,et al.  Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document. , 2012, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[6]  R. Attia,et al.  Transaortic Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Step-by-Step Guide. , 2012, Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[7]  P. V. Van Schil,et al.  Intercostal artery pseudoaneurysm: a rare complication of transaortic transcatheter aortic valve implantation. , 2012, Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery.

[8]  T. Walther,et al.  PREVAIL TRANSAPICAL: multicentre trial of transcatheter aortic valve implantation using the newly designed bioprosthesis (SAPIEN-XT) and delivery system (ASCENDRA-II). , 2012, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[9]  L. Martinelli,et al.  Direct aortic access for transcatheter self-expanding aortic bioprosthetic valves implantation. , 2012, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[10]  V. Hjortdal,et al.  A prospective, randomised trial of transapical transcatheter aortic valve implantation vs. surgical aortic valve replacement in operable elderly patients with aortic stenosis: the STACCATO trial. , 2012, EuroIntervention : journal of EuroPCR in collaboration with the Working Group on Interventional Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[11]  D. Wood,et al.  Clinical ResearchInterventional CardiologyTranscatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Outcomes of Patients With Moderate or Severe Mitral Regurgitation , 2012 .

[12]  A. Pichard,et al.  A novel, minimally invasive access technique versus standard 18‐gauge needle set for femoral access , 2012 .

[13]  P. Leprince,et al.  Registry of transcatheter aortic-valve implantation in high-risk patients. , 2012, The New England journal of medicine.

[14]  R. Lanzman,et al.  Nonenhanced ECG-gated quiescent-interval single-shot MRA (QISS-MRA) of the lower extremities: comparison with contrast-enhanced MRA. , 2012, Clinical radiology.

[15]  Damian Sanchez-Quintana,et al.  Direct percutaneous access technique for transaxillary transcatheter aortic valve implantation: "the Hamburg Sankt Georg approach". , 2012, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[16]  M. Jahangiri,et al.  Early experience with the transaortic approach for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. , 2012, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[17]  G. Lemesle,et al.  Transcutaneous aortic valve implantation using the left carotid access: feasibility and early clinical outcomes. , 2012, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[18]  R. Attia,et al.  Distribution of calcium in the ascending aorta in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation and its relevance to the transaortic approach. , 2012, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[19]  S. Achenbach,et al.  3-dimensional aortic annular assessment by multidetector computed tomography predicts moderate or severe paravalvular regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a multicenter retrospective analysis. , 2012, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[20]  S. Redwood,et al.  Transaortic transcatheter aortic valve implantation using edwards sapien valve , 2012, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[21]  E. Roselli,et al.  The axillary/subclavian artery access route for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a systematic review of the literature. , 2012, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[22]  A. Kappetein,et al.  Completely percutaneous transcatheter aortic valve implantation through transaxillary route: an evolving concept. , 2012, EuroIntervention : journal of EuroPCR in collaboration with the Working Group on Interventional Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[23]  M. Morice,et al.  True percutaneous approach for transfemoral aortic valve implantation using the Prostar XL device: impact of learning curve on vascular complications. , 2012, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[24]  J. Leipsic,et al.  Percutaneous aortic valve replacement: vascular outcomes with a fully percutaneous procedure. , 2012, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[25]  D. Hildick-Smith,et al.  Large calibre arterial access device closure for percutaneous aortic valve interventions: Use of the prostar system in 118 cases , 2012, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[26]  S. Vallabhaneni,et al.  Guidewire Stiffness: What's in a Name? , 2011, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[27]  D. Dvir,et al.  Distal left anterior descending coronary artery obstruction: a rare complication of transapical aortic valve implantation. , 2011, The Journal of invasive cardiology.

[28]  A. D. Cunningham,et al.  Long-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis: the U.K. TAVI (United Kingdom Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation) Registry. , 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[29]  Robert Bauernschmitt,et al.  Incidence and treatment of procedural cardiovascular complications associated with trans-arterial and trans-apical interventional aortic valve implantation in 412 consecutive patients. , 2011, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[30]  O. Alfieri,et al.  Transaxillary Approach Short- and Mid-Term Results in a Single-Center Experience , 2011, Innovations.

[31]  V. Falk,et al.  Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) outcome according to standardized endpoint definitions by the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC). , 2011, The Journal of invasive cardiology.

[32]  D. Glineur,et al.  Transaortic transcatheter aortic valve implantation with the Edwards SAPIEN valve: feasibility, technical considerations, and clinical advantages. , 2011, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[33]  A. Kirtane,et al.  Clinical outcomes using a new crossover balloon occlusion technique for percutaneous closure after transfemoral aortic valve implantation. , 2011, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[34]  M. Morice,et al.  Transfemoral aortic valve implantation new criteria to predict vascular complications. , 2011, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[35]  P. Serruys,et al.  Effect of experience on results of transcatheter aortic valve implantation using a Medtronic CoreValve System. , 2011, The American journal of cardiology.

[36]  Stuart J Pocock,et al.  Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[37]  B. Tonnessen Iatrogenic injury from vascular access and endovascular procedures. , 2011, Perspectives in vascular surgery and endovascular therapy.

[38]  D. Wood,et al.  Outcomes and complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement using a balloon expandable valve according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) guidelines. , 2011, EuroIntervention : journal of EuroPCR in collaboration with the Working Group on Interventional Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[39]  S. O. Pineda,et al.  Measurement of Aortic Valve Annulus Using Different Cardiac Imaging Techniques in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Agreement with Finally Implanted Prosthesis Size , 2011, Echocardiography.

[40]  T. Walther,et al.  Transcatheter aortic valve implantation transapical: step by step. , 2011, Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[41]  R. Erbel,et al.  Usefulness of a novel balloon-expandable vascular sheath for facilitated large-bore arterial access for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. , 2011, EuroIntervention : journal of EuroPCR in collaboration with the Working Group on Interventional Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[42]  G. Roditi,et al.  Peripheral arterial disease: the evolving role of non-invasive imaging , 2011, Postgraduate Medical Journal.

[43]  F. Maisano,et al.  Incidence and Predictors of Early and Late Mortality After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation in 663 Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis , 2011, Circulation.

[44]  Pascal Vranckx,et al.  Standardized endpoint definitions for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation clinical trials: a consensus report from the Valve Academic Research Consortium. , 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[45]  P. Serruys,et al.  One year follow-up of the multi-centre European PARTNER transcatheter heart valve study , 2010, European heart journal.

[46]  P. Serruys,et al.  Standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation clinical trials: a consensus report from the Valve Academic Research Consortium , 2010, European heart journal.

[47]  Alain Prat,et al.  Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: early results of the FRANCE (FRench Aortic National CoreValve and Edwards) registry. , 2011, European heart journal.

[48]  Martyn Thomas,et al.  The global experience with percutaneous aortic valve replacement. , 2010, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[49]  S. Pocock,et al.  Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[50]  E. Tay,et al.  Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Durability of Clinical and Hemodynamic Outcomes Beyond 3 Years in a Large Patient Cohort , 2010, Circulation.

[51]  Thomas Walther,et al.  Thirty-Day Results of the SAPIEN Aortic Bioprosthesis European Outcome (SOURCE) Registry: A European Registry of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Using the Edwards SAPIEN Valve , 2010, Circulation.

[52]  Daniel R Wong,et al.  Technical considerations to avoid pitfalls during transapical aortic valve implantation. , 2010, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[53]  V. Kashyap,et al.  Evaluation of peripheral atherosclerosis: a comparative analysis of angiography and intravascular ultrasound imaging. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[54]  O. Alfieri,et al.  A new technique for vascular access management in transcatheter aortic valve implantation , 2010, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[55]  Shi Yan,et al.  A prospective, single-blind randomised study on the effect of intercostal nerve protection on early post-thoracotomy pain relief. , 2010, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[56]  Fabian Nietlispach,et al.  Transcatheter aortic valve implantation for the treatment of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis in patients at very high or prohibitive surgical risk: acute and late outcomes of the multicenter Canadian experience. , 2010, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[57]  D. Tsetis Endovascular Treatment of Complications of Femoral Arterial Access , 2010, CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.

[58]  J. Ivanov,et al.  VALVULAR AND STRUCTURAL HEART DISEASES Original Studies Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation For High Risk Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis Using the Edwards Sapien Balloon-Expandable BioProsthesis: A Single Centre Study With Immediate and Medium-Term Outcomes , 2010 .

[59]  J. Fajadet,et al.  Thirty-day outcome and vascular complications after transarterial aortic valve implantation using both Edwards Sapien and Medtronic CoreValve bioprostheses in a mixed population. , 2010, EuroIntervention : journal of EuroPCR in collaboration with the Working Group on Interventional Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[60]  P. Serruys,et al.  Vascular complications with transcatheter aortic valve implantation using the 18 Fr Medtronic CoreValve System: the Rotterdam experience. , 2010, EuroIntervention : journal of EuroPCR in collaboration with the Working Group on Interventional Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[61]  Y. Castier,et al.  Vascular complications of transfemoral aortic valve implantation with the Edwards SAPIEN prosthesis: incidence and impact on outcome. , 2010, EuroIntervention : journal of EuroPCR in collaboration with the Working Group on Interventional Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[62]  H. Bolte,et al.  Total percutaneous endovascular aneurysm repair with the dual 6-F Perclose-AT preclosing technique: a case-control study. , 2009, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[63]  J. Leipsic,et al.  The evolving role of MDCT in transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a radiologists' perspective. , 2009, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[64]  Susheel Kodali,et al.  ranscatheter Aortic Valve Implantation eview of the Nature , Management , and Avoidance of Procedural Complications , 2022 .

[65]  G. Latsios,et al.  Left main PCI after trans-subclavian CoreValve implantation. Successful outcome of a combined procedure for management of a rare complication , 2009, Clinical Research in Cardiology.

[66]  J. Leipsic,et al.  CT of the ilio-femoral arteries using direct aortic contrast injection: proof of feasibility in patients screened towards percutaneous aortic valve replacement. , 2009, Swiss medical weekly.

[67]  Alec Vahanian,et al.  Results of transfemoral or transapical aortic valve implantation following a uniform assessment in high-risk patients with aortic stenosis. , 2009, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[68]  Fabian Nietlispach,et al.  Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Impact on Clinical and Valve-Related Outcomes , 2009, Circulation.

[69]  D. Holmes,et al.  Bleeding, blood transfusion, and increased mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention: implications for contemporary practice. , 2009, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[70]  S. Halliburton,et al.  Prevalence of significant peripheral artery disease in patients evaluated for percutaneous aortic valve insertion: Preprocedural assessment with multidetector computed tomography. , 2009, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[71]  R. Bauernschmitt,et al.  Results of percutaneous and transapical transcatheter aortic valve implantation performed by a surgical team. , 2009, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[72]  J. Webb,et al.  Endovascular balloon occlusion for catheter‐induced large artery perforation in the catheterization laboratory , 2009, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[73]  D. Davenport,et al.  Endovascular versus open repair for descending thoracic aortic rupture: institutional experience and meta-analysis. , 2009, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[74]  T. Felderhoff,et al.  Progress and Current Status of Percutaneous Aortic Valve Replacement: Results of Three Device Generations of the CoreValve Revalving System , 2008, Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions.

[75]  B. Starnes,et al.  Ultrasound-guided access improves rate of access-related complications for totally percutaneous aortic aneurysm repair. , 2008, Annals of vascular surgery.

[76]  A. Moritz,et al.  The transapical approach for aortic valve implantation. , 2008, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[77]  P. Serruys,et al.  Procedural and 30-day outcomes following transcatheter aortic valve implantation using the third generation (18 Fr) corevalve revalving system: results from the multicentre, expanded evaluation registry 1-year following CE mark approval. , 2008, EuroIntervention : journal of EuroPCR in collaboration with the Working Group on Interventional Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[78]  Robert H. Anderson,et al.  Anatomy of the Aortic Valvar Complex and Its Implications for Transcatheter Implantation of the Aortic Valve , 2008, Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions.

[79]  Volkmar Falk,et al.  Transapical minimally invasive aortic valve implantation; the initial 50 patients. , 2008, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[80]  T. Mihaljevic,et al.  Duration of red-cell storage and complications after cardiac surgery. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[81]  A. Kastrati,et al.  Periprocedural bleeding and 1-year outcome after percutaneous coronary interventions: appropriateness of including bleeding as a component of a quadruple end point. , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[82]  J. Reidy,et al.  Management of spontaneous and iatrogenic retroperitoneal haemorrhage: conservative management, endovascular intervention or open surgery? , 2007, International journal of clinical practice.

[83]  R. Lange,et al.  First successful aortic valve implantation with the CoreValve ReValving System via right subclavian artery access: a case report. , 2008, The heart surgery forum.

[84]  M. Hunink,et al.  Lower extremity arterial disease: multidetector CT angiography meta-analysis. , 2007, Radiology.

[85]  Z. Krasiński,et al.  Location of femoral artery puncture site and the risk of postcatheterization pseudoaneurysm formation. , 2007, International journal of cardiology.

[86]  Lukas Altwegg,et al.  Percutaneous Transarterial Aortic Valve Replacement in Selected High-Risk Patients With Aortic Stenosis , 2007, Circulation.

[87]  Thomas Walther,et al.  Percutaneous aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis in high-risk patients using the second- and current third-generation self-expanding CoreValve prosthesis: device success and 30-day clinical outcome. , 2007, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[88]  Dawn Craig,et al.  Duplex ultrasonography, magnetic resonance angiography, and computed tomography angiography for diagnosis and assessment of symptomatic, lower limb peripheral arterial disease: systematic review , 2007, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[89]  A. Jacobs,et al.  Access site hematoma requiring blood transfusion predicts mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry , 2007, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[90]  T. Huber,et al.  Total percutaneous access for endovascular aortic aneurysm repair ("Preclose" technique). , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[91]  Anson Cheung,et al.  Transapical Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation in Humans: Initial Clinical Experience , 2006, Circulation.

[92]  K. Togashi,et al.  Thoracoabdominal-aortoiliac MDCT angiography using reduced dose of contrast material. , 2006, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[93]  B. Starnes,et al.  Endovascular management of vascular trauma. , 2006, Perspectives in vascular surgery and endovascular therapy.

[94]  Christopher E. Buller,et al.  Percutaneous Aortic Valve Implantation Retrograde From the Femoral Artery , 2006, Circulation.

[95]  B. Starnes,et al.  Totally percutaneous aortic aneurysm repair: experience and prudence. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[96]  Julia F. Barrett,et al.  Artifacts in CT: recognition and avoidance. , 2004, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[97]  L. Lönn,et al.  Prospective Randomized Study Comparing Ultrasound-Guided Thrombin Injection to Compression in the Treatment of Femoral Pseudoaneurysms , 2004, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[98]  H. Stricker,et al.  Stent-Assisted Angioplasty at the Level of the Common Femoral Artery Bifurcation: Midterm Outcomes , 2004, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[99]  P. Stone,et al.  Iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms: comparison of treatment modalities, including duplex-guided thrombin injection. , 2003, The West Virginia medical journal.

[100]  N. Weissman,et al.  Incidence, predictors, and prognostic implications of bleeding and blood transfusion following percutaneous coronary interventions. , 2003, The American journal of cardiology.

[101]  N. Osada,et al.  Endovascular suture versus cutdown for endovascular aneurysm repair: a prospective randomized pilot study. , 2003, Journal of vascular surgery.

[102]  G. Görge,et al.  Thrombin injection for treatment of false aneurysms after failed compression therapy in patients on full‐dose antiplatelet and heparin therapy , 2003, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[103]  T. Craven,et al.  Vascular closure devices in patients treated with anticoagulation and IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors during percutaneous revascularization. , 2002, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[104]  A. Rebecca,et al.  Duplex scanning-guided thrombin injection for the treatment of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms. , 2002, Journal of vascular surgery.

[105]  A. Bass,et al.  Treatment of postcatheterisation false aneurysms: ultrasound-guided compression vs ultrasound-guided thrombin injection. , 2002, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[106]  M. Raphael,et al.  Femoral artery catheterization and retroperitoneal haematoma formation. , 2001, Clinical radiology.

[107]  J. Lasala,et al.  Safety and efficacy of suture‐mediated closure after percutaneous coronary interventions , 2001, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[108]  D. Botta,et al.  The management of peripheral vascular complications associated with the use of percutaneous suture-mediated closure devices. , 2001, Journal of vascular surgery.

[109]  Z. Krajcer,et al.  A novel technique using the percutaneous vascular surgery device to close the 22 French femoral artery entry site used for percutaneous abdominal aortic aneurysm exclusion , 2000, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[110]  R. Nelson,et al.  Treatment of iatrogenic femoral arterial pseudoaneurysms: comparison of US-guided thrombin injection with compression repair. , 2000, Radiology.

[111]  D. Baim,et al.  Suture-mediated closure of the femoral access site after cardiac catheterization: results of the suture to ambulate aNd discharge (STAND I and STAND II) trials. , 2000, The American journal of cardiology.

[112]  D. Steed,et al.  Thrombin injection versus compression of femoral artery pseudoaneurysms. , 1999, Journal of vascular surgery.

[113]  E. Diethrich,et al.  Closure of Large Percutaneous Access Sites Using the Prostar XL Percutaneous Vascular Surgery Device , 1999, Journal of endovascular surgery : the official journal of the International Society for Endovascular Surgery.

[114]  B. Rubin,et al.  Spontaneous closure of selected iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae. , 1997, Journal of vascular surgery.

[115]  J. Webb,et al.  Initial experience using Prostar: a new device for percutaneous suture-mediated closure of arterial puncture sites. , 1996, Catheterization and cardiovascular diagnosis.

[116]  C. Zollikofer,et al.  [Percutaneous transluminal treatment of stenoses and obstructions in the venous system using vascular endoprostheses (stents)]. , 1994, Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift.

[117]  F. Veith,et al.  Management of arterial injuries produced by percutaneous femoral procedures. , 1993, Surgery.

[118]  Frans Van de Werf,et al.  An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[119]  D. Baim,et al.  A prospective study of the clinical outcome of femoral pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas induced by arterial puncture. , 1993, Journal of vascular surgery.

[120]  D. Baim,et al.  Role of superficial femoral artery puncture in the development of pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula complicating percutaneous transfemoral cardiac catheterization. , 1992, Catheterization and cardiovascular diagnosis.

[121]  K. Pieper,et al.  Vascular complications of cardiac catheterization. , 1991, Journal of vascular surgery.

[122]  M. Winniford,et al.  A prospective study of the incidence and natural history of femoral vascular complications after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. , 1991, Journal of vascular surgery.

[123]  R Roberts,et al.  Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Trial, Phase I: A comparison between intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and intravenous streptokinase. Clinical findings through hospital discharge. , 1987, Circulation.