DCAP: A Secure and Efficient Decentralized Conditional Anonymous Payment System Based on Blockchain

Blockchain, a distributed ledger technology, can potentially be deployed in a wide range of applications. Among these applications, decentralized payment systems (e.g. Bitcoin) have been one of the most mature blockchain applications with widespread adoption. While the early designs (e.g. Bitcoin) are often the currency of choice by cybercriminals (e.g., in ransomware incidents), they only provide pseudo-anonymity, in the sense that anyone can deanonymize Bitcoin transactions by using information in the blockchain. To strengthen the privacy protection of decentralized payment systems, a number of solutions such as Monero and Zerocash have been proposed. However, completely Decentralized Anonymous Payment (DAP) systems can be criminally exploited, for example in online extortion and money laundering activities. Recognizing the importance of regulation, we present a novel definition of Decentralized Conditional Anonymous Payment (DCAP) and describe the corresponding security requirements. In order to construct a concrete DCAP system, we first design a Condition Anonymous Payment (CAP) scheme (based on our proposed signature of knowledge), whose security can be demonstrated under the defined formal semantic and security models. To demonstrate utility, we compare the performance of our proposal with that of Zerocash under the same parameters and testing environment.

[1]  Melissa Chase,et al.  On Signatures of Knowledge , 2006, CRYPTO.

[2]  Patrick D. McDaniel,et al.  An Analysis of Anonymity in Bitcoin Using P2P Network Traffic , 2014, Financial Cryptography.

[3]  Rafail Ostrovsky,et al.  Robust Non-interactive Zero Knowledge , 2001, CRYPTO.

[4]  Victor K.-W. Wei.  More Compact E-Cash with Efficient Coin Tracing , 2005, IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch..

[5]  David Vandervort,et al.  Challenges and Opportunities Associated with a Bitcoin-Based Transaction Rating System , 2014, Financial Cryptography Workshops.

[6]  Sarah Meiklejohn,et al.  QuisQuis: A New Design for Anonymous Cryptocurrencies , 2019, IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch..

[7]  Adi Shamir,et al.  Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph , 2013, Financial Cryptography.

[8]  Heekuck Oh,et al.  Conditional privacy preserving security protocol for NFC applications , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE).

[9]  Shunli Ma,et al.  An Efficient NIZK Scheme for Privacy-Preserving Transactions Over Account-Model Blockchain , 2021, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing.

[10]  Jian Shen,et al.  Block Design-Based Key Agreement for Group Data Sharing in Cloud Computing , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing.

[11]  Klaus Wehrle,et al.  CoinParty: Secure Multi-Party Mixing of Bitcoins , 2015, CODASPY.

[12]  Satoshi Nakamoto.  Bitcoin : A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System , 2009 .

[13]  David Chaum,et al.  Blind Signatures for Untraceable Payments , 1982, CRYPTO.

[14]  Matthew Green,et al.  Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash from Bitcoin , 2013, 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy.

[15]  Shen Noether,et al.  Ring Confidential Transactions , 2016, Ledger.

[16]  Miguel Oom Temudo de Castro,et al.  Practical Byzantine fault tolerance , 1999, OSDI '99.

[17]  Jianfeng Ma,et al.  Blockchain-Based Mutual-Healing Group Key Distribution Scheme in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Ad-Hoc Network , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[18]  Jeremy Clark,et al.  Mixcoin: Anonymity for Bitcoin with Accountable Mixes , 2014, Financial Cryptography.

[19]  Eli Ben-Sasson,et al.  Zerocash: Decentralized Anonymous Payments from Bitcoin , 2014, 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy.

[20]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  BSeIn: A blockchain-based secure mutual authentication with fine-grained access control system for industry 4.0 , 2018, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[21]  Edy Portmann.  Rezension „Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy“ , 2018, HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik.

[22]  Georg Fuchsbauer,et al.  Aggregate Cash Systems: A Cryptographic Investigation of Mimblewimble , 2019, IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch..

[23]  Pedro Moreno-Sanchez,et al.  CoinShuffle: Practical Decentralized Coin Mixing for Bitcoin , 2014, ESORICS.

[24]  Amnon Ta-Shma,et al.  Auditable, Anonymous Electronic Cash Extended Abstract , 1999, CRYPTO.

[25]  Luke Valenta,et al.  Blindcoin: Blinded, Accountable Mixes for Bitcoin , 2015, Financial Cryptography Workshops.

[26]  Markulf Kohlweiss,et al.  On the Non-malleability of the Fiat-Shamir Transform , 2012, INDOCRYPT.

[27]  Tsz Hon Yuen,et al.  RingCT 2.0: A Compact Accumulator-Based (Linkable Ring Signature) Protocol for Blockchain Cryptocurrency Monero , 2017, ESORICS.

[28]  Neha Narula,et al.  zkLedger: Privacy-Preserving Auditing for Distributed Ledgers , 2018, IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch..

[29]  Xiaoyun Wang,et al.  A regulated digital currency , 2018, Science China Information Sciences.