THE SINS SURVEY: MODELING THE DYNAMICS OF z ∼ 2 GALAXIES AND THE HIGH-z TULLY–FISHER RELATION

We present the modeling of SINFONI integral field dynamics of 18 star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 2 from Hα line emission. The galaxies are selected from the larger sample of the SINS survey, based on the prominence of ordered rotational motions with respect to more complex merger-induced dynamics. The quality of the data allows us to carefully select systems with kinematics dominated by rotation, and to model the gas dynamics across the whole galaxy using suitable exponential disk models. We obtain a good correlation between the dynamical mass and the stellar mass, finding that large gas fractions (Mgas ≈ M*) are required to explain the difference between the two quantities. We use the derived stellar mass and maximum rotational velocity Vmax from the modeling to construct for the first time the stellar mass Tully–Fisher relation at z ∼ 2.2. The relation obtained shows a slope similar to what is observed at lower redshift, but we detect an evolution of the zero point. We find that at z ∼ 2.2 there is an offset in log(M*) for a given rotational velocity of 0.41 ± 0.11 with respect to the local universe. This result is consistent with the predictions of the latest N-body/hydrodynamical simulations of disk formation and evolution, which invoke gas accretion onto the forming disk in filaments and cooling flows. This scenario is in agreement with other dynamical evidence from SINS, where gas accretion from the halo is required to reproduce the observed properties of a large fraction of the z ∼ 2 galaxies.

[1]  Shy Genel,et al.  THE SINS SURVEY: SINFONI INTEGRAL FIELD SPECTROSCOPY OF z ∼ 2 STAR-FORMING GALAXIES , 2009, 0903.1872.

[2]  R. Teyssier,et al.  Cold streams in early massive hot haloes as the main mode of galaxy formation , 2008, Nature.

[3]  James Binney,et al.  Galactic Dynamics: Second Edition , 2008 .

[4]  S. Wuyts,et al.  THE EVOLUTION OF THE STELLAR MASS FUNCTION OF GALAXIES FROM z = 4.0 AND THE FIRST COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF ITS UNCERTAINTIES: EVIDENCE FOR MASS-DEPENDENT EVOLUTION , 2008, 0811.1773.

[5]  B. Robertson,et al.  High-Redshift Galaxy Kinematics: Constraints on Models of Disk Formation , 2008, 0808.1100.

[6]  G. Cresci,et al.  ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION IN APJ Preprint typeset using LATEX style emulateapj v. 11/26/04 MERGERS AND MASS ACCRETION RATES IN GALAXY ASSEMBLY: THE MILLENNIUM SIMULATION COMPARED TO OBSERVATIONS OF z ≈ 2 GALAXIES , 2022 .

[7]  S. Rabien,et al.  From Rings to Bulges: Evidence for Rapid Secular Galaxy Evolution at z ~ 2 from Integral Field Spectroscopy in the SINS Survey , 2008, 0807.1184.

[8]  H. F. Astrophysics,et al.  Dynamical properties of a large young disk galaxy at z = 2.03 , 2008, 0806.3369.

[9]  P. Ocvirk,et al.  Bimodal gas accretion in the Horizon–MareNostrum galaxy formation simulation , 2008, 0803.4506.

[10]  D. Elbaz,et al.  Observations and modeling of a clumpy galaxy at z = 1.6 - Spectroscopic clues to the origin and evolution of chain galaxies , 2008, 0803.3831.

[11]  A. Kembhavi,et al.  IMAGES - III. The evolution of the near-infrared Tully-Fisher relation over the last 6 Gyr , 2008, 0803.3002.

[12]  A. Cimatti,et al.  Kinemetry of SINS High-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies: Distinguishing Rotating Disks from Major Mergers , 2008, 0802.0879.

[13]  A. Cimatti,et al.  Submillimeter Galaxies at z ~ 2: Evidence for Major Mergers and Constraints on Lifetimes, IMF, and CO-H2 Conversion Factor , 2008, 0801.3650.

[14]  Chien Y. Peng,et al.  An Explanation for the Observed Weak Size Evolution of Disk Galaxies , 2006, astro-ph/0612428.

[15]  S. Ravindranath,et al.  Vigorous Star Formation with Low Efficiency in Massive Disk Galaxies at z = 1.5 , 2007, 0711.4995.

[16]  S. White,et al.  Galaxy growth in the concordance ΛCDM cosmology , 2007, 0708.1814.

[17]  S. Courteau,et al.  Scaling Relations of Spiral Galaxies , 2007, 0708.0422.

[18]  B. G. Elmegreen,et al.  Rapid Formation of Exponential Disks and Bulges at High Redshift from the Dynamical Evolution of Clump-Cluster and Chain Galaxies , 2007, 0708.0306.

[19]  James E. Larkin,et al.  Integral Field Spectroscopy of High-Redshift Star-forming Galaxies with Laser-guided Adaptive Optics: Evidence for Dispersion-dominated Kinematics , 2007, 0707.3634.

[20]  A. Cimatti,et al.  Dynamical Properties of z ~ 2 Star-forming Galaxies and a Universal Star Formation Relation , 2007, 0706.2656.

[21]  A. Cimatti,et al.  Multiwavelength Study of Massive Galaxies at z~2. I. Star Formation and Galaxy Growth , 2007, 0705.2831.

[22]  A. Fontana,et al.  A comparison of LBGs, DRGs, and BzK galaxies: their contribution to the stellar mass density in the GOODS-MUSIC sample , 2007 .

[23]  J. Starck,et al.  The reversal of the star formation-density relation in the distant universe , 2007, astro-ph/0703653.

[24]  R. Davies,et al.  A method to remove residual OH emission from near-infrared spectra , 2007 .

[25]  G. Helou,et al.  The Infrared Luminosity Function of Galaxies at Redshifts z = 1 and z ~ 2 in the GOODS Fields , 2007, astro-ph/0701283.

[26]  M. McElwain,et al.  Integral Field Spectroscopy of a Candidate Disk Galaxy at z ~ 1.5 Using Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics , 2006, astro-ph/0612199.

[27]  M. Kitzbichler,et al.  The high‐redshift galaxy population in hierarchical galaxy formation models , 2006, astro-ph/0609636.

[28]  P. P. van der Werf,et al.  What Do We Learn from IRAC Observations of Galaxies at 2 < z < 3.5? , 2006, astro-ph/0609548.

[29]  J. Sommer-Larsen,et al.  The Tully-Fisher relation and its evolution with redshift in cosmological simulations of disc galaxy formation , 2006, astro-ph/0606531.

[30]  S. Maddox,et al.  zCOSMOS: A Large VLT/VIMOS Redshift Survey Covering 0 < z < 3 in the COSMOS Field , 2006, astro-ph/0612291.

[31]  B. Weiner,et al.  The Stellar Mass Tully-Fisher Relation to z = 1.2 from AEGIS , 2006, astro-ph/0702643.

[32]  J. Brinkmann,et al.  The Tully-Fisher Relation and its Residuals for a Broadly Selected Sample of Galaxies , 2006, astro-ph/0608472.

[33]  A. Cimatti,et al.  The rapid formation of a large rotating disk galaxy three billion years after the Big Bang , 2006, Nature.

[34]  B. Elmegreen,et al.  Observations of Thick Disks in the Hubble Space Telescope Ultra Deep Field , 2006, astro-ph/0607540.

[35]  P. P. van der Werf,et al.  Measuring the Average Evolution of Luminous Galaxies at z < 3: The Rest-Frame Optical Luminosity Density, Spectral Energy Distribution, and Stellar Mass Density , 2006, astro-ph/0606536.

[36]  D. Bonaccini Calia,et al.  First light of the ESO laser guide star facility , 2006, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[37]  Stefan Gillessen,et al.  SINFONI data reduction software , 2006 .

[38]  S. Courteau,et al.  A Revised Model for the Formation of Disk Galaxies: Low Spin and Dark Halo Expansion , 2006, astro-ph/0604553.

[39]  A. Cimatti,et al.  Evidence for TP-AGB Stars in High-Redshift Galaxies, and Their Effect on Deriving Stellar Population Parameters , 2006, astro-ph/0604530.

[40]  M. Dopita,et al.  The Survey for Ionization in Neutral Gas Galaxies. II. The Star Formation Rate Density of the Local Universe , 2006, astro-ph/0604442.

[41]  C. Steidel,et al.  Hα Observations of a Large Sample of Galaxies at z ~ 2: Implications for Star Formation in High-Redshift Galaxies , 2006, astro-ph/0604388.

[42]  A. Cimatti,et al.  GMASS, Unveiling Distant Massive Galaxies with Spitzer , 2006, astro-ph/0604132.

[43]  C. Steidel,et al.  The Stellar, Gas, and Dynamical Masses of Star-forming Galaxies at z ~ 2 , 2006, astro-ph/0604041.

[44]  R. Abuter,et al.  SINFONI Integral Field Spectroscopy of z ~ 2 UV-selected Galaxies: Rotation Curves and Dynamical Evolution , 2006, astro-ph/0603559.

[45]  H. Flores,et al.  3D spectroscopy with VLT/GIRAFFE. I. The true Tully Fisher relationship at z ̃ 0.6 , 2006, astro-ph/0603563.

[46]  C. Steidel,et al.  The Mass-Metallicity Relation at z≳2 , 2006, astro-ph/0602473.

[47]  A. Hopkins,et al.  On the Normalization of the Cosmic Star Formation History , 2006, astro-ph/0601463.

[48]  R. Kennicutt,et al.  Hα kinematics of the SINGS nearby galaxies survey — I★ , 2006, astro-ph/0601376.

[49]  P. T. de Zeeuw,et al.  Kinemetry: a generalization of photometry to the higher moments of the line-of-sight velocity distribution , 2005, astro-ph/0512200.

[50]  S. Bamford,et al.  The Tully-Fisher relation of intermediate redshift field and cluster galaxies from Subaru spectroscopy , 2005, astro-ph/0511831.

[51]  A. Cimatti,et al.  A Wide Area Survey for High-Redshift Massive Galaxies. I. Number Counts and Clustering of BzKs and EROs , 2005, astro-ph/0510299.

[52]  Carnegie-Mellon,et al.  A Merger-driven Scenario for Cosmological Disk Galaxy Formation , 2005, astro-ph/0503369.

[53]  G. Efstathiou,et al.  Formation of Early-Type Galaxies from Cosmological Initial Conditions , 2005, astro-ph/0512235.

[54]  C. Steidel,et al.  A Census of Optical and Near-Infrared Selected Star-forming and Passively Evolving Galaxies at Redshift z ~ 2 , 2005, astro-ph/0507264.

[55]  S. McGaugh.  The Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation of Galaxies with Extended Rotation Curves and the Stellar Mass of Rotating Galaxies , 2005, astro-ph/0506750.

[56]  J. Peacock,et al.  Simulations of the formation, evolution and clustering of galaxies and quasars , 2005, Nature.

[57]  DARK MATTER AND STELLAR MASS IN THE LUMINOUS REGIONS OF DISK GALAXIES , 2005, astro-ph/0504581.

[58]  R. Ellis,et al.  Evolution of the Near-Infrared Tully-Fisher Relation: Constraints on the Relationship between the Stellar and Total Masses of Disk Galaxies since z ~ 1 , 2005, astro-ph/0503597.

[59]  I. Smail,et al.  A Redshift Survey of the Submillimeter Galaxy Population , 2004, astro-ph/0412573.

[60]  A. Dekel,et al.  Galaxy bimodality due to cold flows and shock heating , 2004, astro-ph/0412300.

[61]  Norbert N. Hubin,et al.  First light of SINFONI AO-module at VLT , 2004, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[62]  Sebastian Rabien,et al.  Test performance of the PARSEC laser system , 2004, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[63]  A. Cimatti,et al.  A New Photometric Technique for the Joint Selection of Star-forming and Passive Galaxies at 1.4 ≲ z ≲ 2.5 , 2004, astro-ph/0409041.

[64]  P. P. van der Werf,et al.  A Substantial Population of Red Galaxies at z > 2: Modeling of the Spectral Energy Distributions of an Extended Sample , 2004, astro-ph/0408077.

[65]  M. Zwaan,et al.  Tully-Fisher Relations from an HI-Selected Sample , 2004 .

[66]  Max Pettini,et al.  Optical Selection of Star-forming Galaxies at Redshifts 1 < z < 3 , 2004, astro-ph/0401445.

[67]  M. Pettini,et al.  A Survey of Star-forming Galaxies in the 1.4 ≲ z ≲ 2.5 Redshift Desert: Overview , 2004, astro-ph/0401439.

[68]  R. Bender,et al.  The Tully-Fisher relation at intermediate redshift ⋆,⋆⋆ , 2003, astro-ph/0309263.

[69]  A. Cimatti,et al.  Near-Infrared Bright Galaxies at z ≃ 2. Entering the Spheroid Formation Epoch? , 2003, astro-ph/0308456.

[70]  Gas physics, disk fragmentation, and bulge formation in young galaxies , 2003, astro-ph/0312139.

[71]  G. Bruzual,et al.  Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003 , 2003, astro-ph/0309134.

[72]  Norbert N. Hubin,et al.  SINFONI - Integral field spectroscopy at 50 milli-arcsecond resolution with the ESO VLT , 2003, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[73]  P. P. van der Werf,et al.  A Significant Population of Red, Near-Infrared-selected High-Redshift Galaxies , 2003, astro-ph/0303163.

[74]  U. Padova,et al.  Ha Rotation Curves of z~1 Galaxies: Unraveling the Evolution of the Tully-Fisher Relation , 2003, astro-ph/0302392.

[75]  Mauro Giavalisco,et al.  Lyman-Break Galaxies , 2002 .

[76]  J. Sommer-Larsen,et al.  GALAXY FORMATION : CDM , FEEDBACK AND THE HUBBLE SEQUENCE , 2008 .

[77]  L. Ho,et al.  Detailed structural decomposition of galaxy images , 2002, astro-ph/0204182.

[78]  F. V. D. Bosch.  The impact of cooling and feedback on disc galaxies , 2001, astro-ph/0112566.

[79]  G. Zamorani,et al.  The K20 survey - I. Disentangling old and dusty star-forming galaxies in the ERO population , 2001 .

[80]  M. Giavalisco,et al.  The Rest-Frame Optical Properties of z ≃ 3 Galaxies , 2001, astro-ph/0107324.

[81]  R. Koopmann,et al.  An Atlas of Hα and R Images and Radial Profiles of 63 Bright Virgo Cluster Spiral Galaxies , 2001, astro-ph/0106335.

[82]  E. Bell,et al.  Stellar Mass-to-Light Ratios and the Tully-Fisher Relation , 2000, astro-ph/0008056.

[83]  R. Somerville,et al.  Profiles of dark haloes: evolution, scatter and environment , 1999, astro-ph/9908159.

[84]  H. Ferguson,et al.  The Stellar Populations and Evolution of Lyman Break Galaxies , 2000, astro-ph/0105087.

[85]  M. Steinmetz,et al.  Dark Halo and Disk Galaxy Scaling Laws in Hierarchical Universes , 2000, astro-ph/0001003.

[86]  M. Pierce,et al.  Distances to Galaxies from the Correlation between Luminosities and Line Widths. III. Cluster Template and Global Measurement of H0 , 1999, astro-ph/9911052.

[87]  Frank C. van den Bosch,et al.  Semianalytical Models for the Formation of Disk Galaxies. I. Constraints from the Tully-Fisher Relation , 1999, astro-ph/9909298.

[88]  A. Sandage.  Bias Properties of Extragalactic Distance Indicators. VIII. H0 from Distance-limited Luminosity Class and Morphological Type-Specific Luminosity Functions for Sb, Sbc, and Sc Galaxies Calibrated Using Cepheids , 1999 .

[89]  R. Giovanelli,et al.  The I-Band Tully-Fisher Relation for Sc Galaxies: 21 Centimeter H I Line Data , 1999 .

[90]  M. Noguchi.  Early Evolution of Disk Galaxies: Formation of Bulges in Clumpy Young Galactic Disks , 1998, astro-ph/9806355.

[91]  S. Gelato,et al.  Formation of Disk Galaxies: Feedback and the Angular Momentum Problem , 1998, astro-ph/9801094.

[92]  C. Pritchet,et al.  Internal Kinematics of Field Galaxies at Intermediate Redshifts , 1998 .

[93]  Matthias Steinmetz,et al.  The Cosmological Origin of the Tully-Fisher Relation , 1998, astro-ph/9808076.

[94]  STAR FORMATION IN GALAXIES ALONG THE HUBBLE SEQUENCE , 1998, astro-ph/9807187.

[95]  S. White,et al.  The formation of galactic discs , 1997, astro-ph/9707093.

[96]  S. White,et al.  A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering , 1996, astro-ph/9611107.

[97]  J. Silk.  Feedback, Disk Self-Regulation, and Galaxy Formation , 1996, astro-ph/9612117.

[98]  C. Pritchet,et al.  Internal Kinematics of Galaxies at z=0.25-0.45 , 1996, astro-ph/9606006.

[99]  P. Charbonneau.  Genetic algorithms in astronomy and astrophysics , 1995 .

[100]  A. Kinney,et al.  Dust extinction of the stellar continua in starburst galaxies: The Ultraviolet and optical extinction law , 1994 .

[101]  S. White,et al.  Simulations of dissipative galaxy formation in hierarchically clustering universes – II. Dynamics of the baryonic component in galactic haloes , 1994 .

[102]  J. Young,et al.  The distribution of interstellar matter in the Scd galaxy NGC 6946. I - The neutral hydrogen disk , 1986 .

[103]  S. M. Fall,et al.  Formation and rotation of disc galaxies with haloes , 1980 .

[104]  Y. Avni,et al.  Energy spectra of X-ray clusters of galaxies , 1976 .

[105]  John H. Holland,et al.  Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence , 1992 .