UEGM: uncertain emotion generator under multi‐stimulus

In this paper, we introduce a novel particle filtering architecture to simulate uncertain emotion generation under multi‐stimulus, to enrich emotions for virtual characters. Particles are exploited to predict emotions by sampling possible natural emotional reactions from individuals' memories and common reactions, and the prediction is subsequently adjusted through likelihood function constructed through appraisals of the cognitive component. Thus this generation process combines the natural reactions and cognitive results of individuals' into a unified architecture. Furthermore, the expression of emotion as a communicative act is implemented by setting moral standards that an individual must obey, no matter what his or her real emotional reaction is to the stimulus. This generation and expression process is implemented with our uncertain emotion generator under multi‐stimulus system (UEGM). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[1]  D. Knill,et al.  The Bayesian brain: the role of uncertainty in neural coding and computation , 2004, Trends in Neurosciences.

[2]  Daniel Thalmann,et al.  An Affective Model of Action Selection for Virtual Humans , 2005 .

[3]  Jennifer Healey,et al.  Toward Machine Emotional Intelligence: Analysis of Affective Physiological State , 2001, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[4]  Richard L. Lewis,et al.  A computational unification of cognitive behavior and emotion , 2009, Cognitive Systems Research.

[5]  John E. Laird,et al.  Extending the Soar Cognitive Architecture , 2008, AGI.

[6]  C. Elliott.  The affective reasoner: a process model of emotions in a multi-agent system , 1992 .

[7]  R. Cabeza,et al.  Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory , 2006, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[8]  Chunhua Ju,et al.  Modeling emotional action for social characters , 2008, The Knowledge Engineering Review.

[9]  Mel Slater,et al.  Building Expression into Virtual Characters , 2006, Eurographics.

[10]  K. Scherer.  Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking. , 2001 .

[11]  Kostas Karpouzis,et al.  Emotion Synthesis in Virtual Environments , 2004, ICEIS.

[12]  Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann,et al.  Generic personality and emotion simulation for conversational agents , 2004, Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds.

[13]  Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann,et al.  Intelligent virtual humans with autonomy and personality: State-of-the-art , 2007, Intell. Decis. Technol..

[14]  Diana Arellano,et al.  Generation and visualization of emotional states in virtual characters , 2008 .

[15]  Stacy Marsella,et al.  A domain-independent framework for modeling emotion , 2004, Cognitive Systems Research.

[16]  Ipke Wachsmuth,et al.  Affective computing with primary and secondary emotions in a virtual human , 2009, Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems.

[17]  Magnenat-ThalmannNadia,et al.  Intelligent virtual humans with autonomy and personality , 2007 .

[18]  Simon J. Godsill,et al.  On sequential Monte Carlo sampling methods for Bayesian filtering , 2000, Stat. Comput..

[19]  Francisco J. Perales López,et al.  Generation and visualization of emotional states in virtual characters , 2008, Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds.

[20]  Richard M A Parker,et al.  Cognitive bias as an indicator of animal emotion and welfare: Emerging evidence and underlying mechanisms , 2009 .

[21]  Rafael A. Calvo,et al.  Affect Detection: An Interdisciplinary Review of Models, Methods, and Their Applications , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.

[22]  Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann,et al.  Making Them Remember—Emotional Virtual Characters with Memory , 2009, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[23]  M. Bradley,et al.  Emotion and the motivational brain , 2010, Biological Psychology.

[24]  J. Haidt.  The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology , 2007, Science.

[25]  Eva Hudlicka,et al.  Beyond Cognition: Modeling Emotion in Cognitive Architectures , 2004, ICCM.

[26]  John Yen,et al.  FLAME—Fuzzy Logic Adaptive Model of Emotions , 2000, Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems.

[27]  Kristen L. Mackiewicz,et al.  Cognitive control mechanisms, emotion and memory: A neural perspective with implications for psychopathology , 2009, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[28]  W. S. Reilly,et al.  Believable Social and Emotional Agents. , 1996 .

[29]  Junji Yamato,et al.  Memory-based Particle Filter for face pose tracking robust under complex dynamics , 2009, 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.