Dynamics in Groups: Are We There Yet?

We know that groups are dynamic entities, and yet we rarely study them as such. Previously hamstrung by limited theory, a decade of advances in understanding the fundamental nature of groups and change promised a revolution in group research. Our goal here is to review those theoretical developments and then examine their impact on our empirical understanding of group dynamics. Examining work done and not done, we will take stock of this work, identify the obstacles that seem to keep us focused more on group statics than dynamics, and then close by offering suggestions about not only what approaches to take when studying group dynamics, but also how the field can help develop these approaches. We hope that a review of the group dynamic literature in 2021 will celebrate our coming empirical accomplishments rather than lament a lack of them.

[1]  L. Weingart,et al.  Task Conflict, Problem‐Solving, and Yielding: Effects on Cognition and Performance in Functionally Diverse Innovation Teams , 2010 .

[2]  M. Neale,et al.  What Differences Make a Difference? , 2005, Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society.

[3]  Linda Argote,et al.  First, get your feet wet: The effects of learning from direct and indirect experience on team creativity , 2010 .

[4]  Ann Majchrzak,et al.  Knowledge Collaboration Among Professionals Protecting National Security: Role of Transactive Memories in Ego-Centered Knowledge Networks , 2008, Organ. Sci..

[5]  Katherine A. Karl,et al.  Leading Teams: Setting the Stage for Great Performances , 2002 .

[6]  Laurie J. Kirsch,et al.  Investigating the Antecedents of Team-Based Clan Control: Adding Social Capital as a Predictor , 2010, Organ. Sci..

[7]  Martin Kilduff,et al.  A Paradigm Too Far? A Dynamic Stability Reconsideration of the Social Network Research Program , 2006 .

[8]  Debra L. Shapiro,et al.  Breaking the Bonds of Reciprocity in Negotiations , 1998 .

[9]  Justin W. Webb,et al.  When goal orientations collide: effects of learning and performance orientation on team adaptability in response to workload imbalance. , 2010, The Journal of applied psychology.

[10]  B. Tuckman DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUENCE IN SMALL GROUPS. , 1965, Psychological bulletin.

[11]  Jack A. Goncalo,et al.  Can Confidence Come Too Soon? Collective Efficacy, Conflict and Group Performance over Time. , 2010 .

[12]  Karen A. Jehn,et al.  INTRAGROUP CONFLICT IN ORGANIZATIONS: A CONTINGENCY PERSPECTIVE ON THE CONFLICT-OUTCOME RELATIONSHIP , 2003 .

[13]  Abhijeet K. Vadera,et al.  Win or Lose the Battle for Creativity: The Power and Perils of Intergroup Competition , 2010 .

[14]  J. Mathieu,et al.  Scaling the quality of teammates' mental models: equifinality and normative comparisons , 2005 .

[15]  Jennifer L. Berdahl,et al.  The Study of Groups: Past, Present, and Future , 2000 .

[16]  S. Kozlowski,et al.  Work Groups and Teams in Organizations , 2003 .

[17]  John R. Austin Transactive memory in organizational groups: the effects of content, consensus, specialization, and accuracy on group performance. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[18]  Dorwin Cartwright,et al.  Group dynamics, 3rd ed. , 1968 .

[19]  J. Shaw,et al.  A contingency model of conflict and team effectiveness. , 2011, Journal of Applied Psychology.

[20]  G. Johnson The essential impact of context on organizational behavior , 2006 .

[21]  C. D. De Dreu,et al.  Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: a meta-analysis. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[22]  M. Haas The Double-Edged Swords of Autonomy and External Knowledge: Analyzing Team Effectiveness in a Multinational Organization , 2010 .

[23]  Dennis A. Gioia,et al.  Transitional Identity as a Facilitator of Organizational Identity Change during a Merger , 2010 .

[24]  J. Farh,et al.  Task conflict and team creativity: a question of how much and when. , 2010, The Journal of applied psychology.

[25]  M. D. Dunnette Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , 2005 .

[26]  J. Hackman Learning more by crossing levels: evidence from airplanes, hospitals, and orchestras , 2003 .

[27]  A. Edmondson,et al.  METHODOLOGICAL FIT IN MANAGEMENT FIELD RESEARCH. , 2007 .

[28]  Aleksander P. J. Ellis,et al.  Building the infrastructure: the effects of role identification behaviors on team cognition development and performance. , 2010, The Journal of applied psychology.

[29]  S. Thompson Social Learning Theory , 2008 .

[30]  Aimée A. Kane Unlocking Knowledge Transfer Potential: Knowledge Demonstrability and Superordinate Social Identity , 2010, Organ. Sci..

[31]  Jordan Grafman,et al.  Neural correlates of automatic beliefs about gender and race , 2007, Human brain mapping.

[32]  Rebecca W. Hamilton,et al.  Categorization by groups and individuals , 2010 .

[33]  Nelson P. Repenning,et al.  Selling system dynamics to (other) social scientists , 2003 .

[34]  E. Ghiselli Theory of psychological measurement , 1964 .

[35]  Boris Groysberg,et al.  Too Many Cooks Spoil the Broth: How High-Status Individuals Decrease Group Effectiveness , 2011, Organ. Sci..

[36]  Johannes M. Pennings,et al.  Faraway, Yet So Close: Organizations in Demographic Flux , 2010, Organ. Sci..

[37]  John E. Mathieu,et al.  A Temporally Based Framework and Taxonomy of Team Processes , 2001 .

[38]  C. D. De Dreu,et al.  Work group diversity and group performance: an integrative model and research agenda. , 2004, The Journal of applied psychology.

[39]  John E. Mathieu,et al.  A FRAMEWORK FOR CONDUCTING MULTI-LEVEL CONSTRUCT VALIDATION , 2005 .

[40]  Linda Argote,et al.  Group Processes in Organizational Contexts , 2008 .

[41]  J. Mathieu,et al.  Performance implications of leader briefings and team-interaction training for team adaptation to novel environments. , 2000, The Journal of applied psychology.

[42]  Karolin Frankenberger,et al.  Task Contingencies in the Curvilinear Relationships Between Intergroup Networks and Initiative Performance , 2010 .

[43]  Mark Mortensen,et al.  Go (Con)Figure: Subgroups, Imbalance, and Isolates in Geographically Dispersed Teams , 2009, Organ. Sci..

[44]  Kristopher J Preacher,et al.  A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. , 2010, Psychological methods.

[45]  E. Mannix,et al.  The Dynamic Nature of Conflict: A Longitudinal Study of Intragroup Conflict and Group Performance. , 2001 .

[46]  D. G. Pruitt,et al.  Attractor Landscapes and Reaction Functions in Escalation and De-Escalation , 2014 .

[47]  Joshua Keller,et al.  The Cultural Category of Cooperation: A Cultural Consensus Model Analysis for China and the United States , 2011, Organ. Sci..

[48]  D. van Knippenberg,et al.  Work group diversity. , 2007, Annual review of psychology.

[49]  Jeong-Yeon Lee,et al.  Executive turnover: the influence of dispersion and other pay system characteristics. , 2011, The Journal of applied psychology.

[50]  Bruce A. Walters,et al.  The Impact of TMT Board Member Control and Environment on Post-IPO Performance , 2010 .

[51]  Deborah G. . Ancona,et al.  Time: A New Research Lens , 2001 .

[52]  Erich C. Dierdorff,et al.  The power of "we": effects of psychological collectivism on team performance over time. , 2011, The Journal of applied psychology.

[53]  Angelo J. Kinicki,et al.  Consequences of differentiated leadership in groups , 2010 .

[54]  S. Mohammed,et al.  Team Mental Model: Construct or Metaphor? , 1994 .

[55]  George P. Huber,et al.  Cross-Understanding: Implications for Group Cognition and Performance , 2010 .

[56]  Ruth Wageman,et al.  WHEN AND HOW TEAM LEADERS MATTER , 2004 .

[57]  Elizabeth Wolfe Morrison,et al.  OB in AMJ: What Is Hot and What Is Not? , 2010 .

[58]  J. Hackman,et al.  Group tasks, group interaction process, and group performance effectiveness: A review and proposed integration , 1975 .

[59]  Eliot R. Smith,et al.  Agent-Based Modeling: A New Approach for Theory Building in Social Psychology , 2007, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[60]  Jenny W. Rudolph,et al.  The Dynamics of Action-Oriented Problem Solving: Linking Interpretation and Choice , 2009 .

[61]  E. Sundstrom,et al.  Work teams: Applications and effectiveness. , 1990 .

[62]  J. Stuart Bunderson,et al.  Structure and Learning in Self-Managed Teams: Why "Bureaucratic" Teams Can Be Better Learners , 2010, Organ. Sci..

[63]  BundersonJ. Stuart,et al.  Structure and Learning in Self-Managed Teams , 2010 .

[64]  S. Wasserman,et al.  New Frontiers in Network Theory Development , 2006 .

[65]  Corinne Bendersky,et al.  Status Conflict in Groups , 2012, Organ. Sci..

[66]  Christopher S. Tuggle,et al.  Attention Patterns in the Boardroom: How Board Composition and Processes Affect Discussion of Entrepreneurial Issues , 2010 .

[67]  Corinne Bendersky,et al.  The Cost of Status Enhancement: Performance Effects of Individuals' Status Mobility in Task Groups , 2012, Organ. Sci..

[68]  R. Moreland,et al.  Group Versus Individual Training and Group Performance: The Mediating Role of Transactive Memory , 1995 .

[69]  Kyle Lewis Measuring transactive memory systems in the field: scale development and validation. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[70]  R. DeShon,et al.  A multilevel model of minority opinion expression and team decision-making effectiveness. , 2010, The Journal of applied psychology.

[71]  Deborah H. Gruenfeld,et al.  Group learning in organizations. , 2001 .

[72]  K. Maccorquodale,et al.  On a distinction between hypothetical constructs and intervening variables. , 1948, Psychological review.

[73]  D. Harrison,et al.  Beyond Relational Demography: Time and the Effects of Surface- and Deep-Level Diversity on Work Group Cohesion , 1998 .

[74]  Melissa C. Thomas-Hunt,et al.  Too Good to Be True? The Unintended Signaling Effects of Educational Prestige on External Expectations of Team Performance , 2010, Organ. Sci..

[75]  J. Sterman Business Dynamics , 2000 .

[76]  Dennis J. Devine A Review and Integration of Classification Systems Relevant to Teams in Organizations , 2002 .

[77]  W. Batchelder,et al.  Recent Applications of Cultural Consensus Theory , 1987 .

[78]  J. Stuart Bunderson,et al.  Power Asymmetry and Learning in Teams: The Moderating Role of Performance Feedback , 2010, Organ. Sci..

[79]  J. Levine,et al.  Progress in Small Group Research , 1990 .

[80]  D. Hofmann,et al.  The Structure and Function of Collective Constructs: Implications for Multilevel Research and Theory Development , 1999 .

[81]  A. Edmondson Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams , 1999 .

[82]  Kevin J. Dooley,et al.  The Effects of Repeat Collaboration on Creative Abrasion , 2010 .

[83]  N. Ashkanasy,et al.  AFFECTIVE RESPONSES TO PROFESSIONAL DISSIMILARITY: A MATTER OF STATUS , 2010 .

[84]  Ute R. Hülsheger,et al.  Team-level predictors of innovation at work: a comprehensive meta-analysis spanning three decades of research. , 2009, The Journal of applied psychology.

[85]  J. Mueller,et al.  Why seeking help from teammates is a blessing and a curse: a theory of help seeking and individual creativity in team contexts. , 2011, The Journal of applied psychology.

[86]  Karen A. Jehn,et al.  Do Workgroup Faultlines Help or Hurt? A Moderated Model of Faultlines, Team Identification, and Group Performance , 2009, Organ. Sci..

[87]  Jane M. Howell,et al.  Exploring the dual-level effects of transformational leadership on followers. , 2010, The Journal of applied psychology.

[88]  L. Weingart,et al.  Representational gaps, information processing, and conflict in functionally diverse teams , 2007 .

[89]  Karen A. Jehn,et al.  The faultline activation process and the effects of activated faultlines on coalition formation, conflict, and group outcomes , 2010 .

[90]  Laurie L. Levesque,et al.  Cognitive divergence and shared mental models in software development project teams , 2001 .

[91]  J. Pfeffer,et al.  A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. , 1978, Administrative science quarterly.

[92]  Claus W. Langfred The Downside of Self-Management: A Longitudinal Study of the Effects tf Conflict on Trust, Autonomy, and Task Interdependence in Self-Managing Teams , 2007 .

[93]  Anita D. Bhappu,et al.  Diversity's harvest: Interactions of diversity sources and communication technology on creative group performance , 2010 .

[94]  D. Harrison,et al.  What's the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. , 2007 .

[95]  Boris Durisin,et al.  Absorptive capacity: Valuing a reconceptualization , 2007 .

[96]  Dustin K. Jundt,et al.  Teams in organizations: from input-process-output models to IMOI models. , 2005, Annual review of psychology.

[97]  K. Bezrukova,et al.  Conflict, Learning, and Frustration: A Dynamic Model of Conflict Over Time , 2006 .

[98]  Christine Shropshire,et al.  The Role of the Interlocking Director and Board Receptivity in the Diffusion of Practices , 2010 .

[99]  Blake E. Ashforth,et al.  Identity in Organizations: Exploring Cross-Level Dynamics , 2011, Organ. Sci..

[100]  Gregory R. Hancock,et al.  Advances in Latent Variable Mixture Models , 2007 .

[101]  Pamela S. Tolbert,et al.  The Impact of Categorical Status, Numeric Representation, and Work Group Prestige on Preference for Demographically Similar Others: A Value Threat Approach , 2012 .

[102]  Denise M. Rousseau,et al.  Good citizens in poor-quality relationships: Idiosyncratic deals as a substitute for relationship quality , 2010 .

[103]  K. Gonsalkorale,et al.  Aging and prejudice: Diminished regulation of automatic race bias among older adults , 2009 .

[104]  A. Ward,et al.  Explicit Control of Implicit Responses: Simple Directives can alter IAT Performance. , 2010, Social psychology.

[105]  Terrill L. Frantz,et al.  Chaos and Complexity in Psychology: Agent-Based Modeling Within a Dynamic Network , 2008 .

[106]  Aleksander P. J. Ellis,et al.  Motivating interdependent teams: individual rewards, shared rewards, or something in between? , 2010, The Journal of applied psychology.

[107]  Aleksander P. J. Ellis,et al.  Thick as thieves: the effects of ethical orientation and psychological safety on unethical team behavior. , 2011, The Journal of applied psychology.

[108]  Tammy L. Rapp,et al.  Team Effectiveness 1997-2007: A Review of Recent Advancements and a Glimpse Into the Future , 2008 .

[109]  Georg Schreyögg,et al.  Organizational Path Dependence: Opening the Black Box , 2009 .

[110]  T. Elfring,et al.  How does trust affect the performance of ongoing teams? The mediating role of reflexivity, monitoring, and effort. , 2010 .

[111]  S. Thatcher,et al.  The Effects of Conflict Asymmetry on Work Group and Individual Outcomes , 2010 .

[112]  J. K. Murnighan,et al.  Interactions Within Groups and Subgroups: The Effects of Demographic Faultlines , 2005 .

[113]  Debra L. Shapiro,et al.  Motivating and demotivating forces in teams: cross-level influences of empowering leadership and relationship conflict. , 2011, The Journal of applied psychology.

[114]  D. Rousseau Issues of level in organizational research: Multi-level and cross-level perspectives. , 1985 .

[115]  Richard A. D'Aveni,et al.  Complex Patterns of Vertical Integration in the Forest Products Industry: Systematic and Bankruptcy Risks , 1992 .

[116]  T. Lawrence,et al.  Institutional Work in the Transformation of an Organizational Field: The Interplay of Boundary Work and Practice Work , 2010 .

[117]  D. Chan Functional Relations among Constructs in the Same Content Domain at Different Levels of Analysis: A Typology of Composition Models , 1998 .

[118]  S. Thatcher,et al.  Identification in organizations: The role of self-concept orientations and identification motives , 2010 .

[119]  Katherine J. Klein,et al.  The Coevolution of Network Ties and Perceptions of Team Psychological Safety , 2012, Organ. Sci..

[120]  Daniel J. Brass,et al.  Taking Stock of Networks and Organizations: A Multilevel Perspective , 2004 .

[121]  Tanya Menon,et al.  Getting Even or Being at Odds? Cohesion in Even- and Odd-Sized Small Groups , 2011, Organ. Sci..

[122]  S. Kozlowski,et al.  Multilevel Theory, Research, a n d M e t h o d s i n Organizations Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions , 2022 .

[123]  J. Mathieu,et al.  Investigating linear and interactive effects of shared mental models on safety and efficiency in a field setting. , 2005, The Journal of applied psychology.

[124]  S. Mohammed,et al.  Metaphor No More: A 15-Year Review of the Team Mental Model Construct , 2010 .

[125]  Tony Curzon Price,et al.  Emergence: From Chaos to Order by John H. Holland , 1998, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul..

[126]  Dong Liu,et al.  From autonomy to creativity: a multilevel investigation of the mediating role of harmonious passion. , 2011, The Journal of applied psychology.

[127]  Xu Huang,et al.  Harming high performers: a social comparison perspective on interpersonal harming in work teams. , 2011, The Journal of applied psychology.

[128]  Henrik Bresman,et al.  External Learning Activities and Team Performance: A Multimethod Field Study , 2010, Organ. Sci..

[129]  Christina Fang,et al.  Balancing Exploration and Exploitation through Structural Design: The Isolation of Subgroups and Organization Learning , 2008 .

[130]  Diether Gebert,et al.  Fostering Team Innovation: Why Is It Important to Combine Opposing Action Strategies? , 2010, Organ. Sci..

[131]  Wendy P. van Ginkel,et al.  The Interactive Effects of Mood and Trait Negative Affect in Group Decision Making , 2010, Organ. Sci..

[132]  B. Muthén,et al.  Multilevel Mixture Models , 2006 .

[133]  S. G. Cohen,et al.  What Makes Teams Work: Group Effectiveness Research from the Shop Floor to the Executive Suite , 1997 .

[134]  Dong Liu,et al.  Looking at Both Sides of the Social Exchange Coin: A Social Cognitive Perspective on the Joint Effects of Relationship Quality and Differentiation on Creativity , 2010 .

[135]  Thomas P. Moliterno,et al.  Network Theory of Organization: A Multilevel Approach , 2011 .

[136]  J. Sterman Misperceptions of feedback in dynamic decision making , 1989 .

[137]  Stephanie C. Payne,et al.  Enhancing Team Mental Model Measurement with Performance Appraisal Practices , 2000 .